1. What are the key ingredients for a successful laser heating experiment at the synchrotron? Guoyin Shen CARS, University of Chicago GeoSoilEnviroCARS The University of Chicago Laser heating workshop, March 20, 2004

2. Some types of laser heating experiments * Overcome kinetic barrier * Stress release * In situ phase identification at high P-T * Phase relations (melting) * P-V-T equations of state * Phonons * Electrons * Magnetism GeoSoilEnviroCARS The University of Chicago Laser heating workshop, March 20, 2004

3. GeoSoilEnviroCARS The University of Chicago Laser heating workshop, March 20, 2004 DAC On-line detection Science LaserX-ray Data evaluation Sample Off-line detection

4. GeoSoilEnviroCARS The University of Chicago Laser heating workshop, March 20, 2004 Diamond Anvil Cell - Allow double sided heating - Have large access opening - Gasket (thickness, energy) - Cooling (stability) Gasket 22 WC seat Diamond anvil X-ray transparent seat

5. GeoSoilEnviroCARS The University of Chicago Laser heating workshop, March 20, 2004 Laser heating system Type (YLF, CO 2 ) Power distribution (modes) Heating spot size Stability (short and long term) Pointing stability (laser, optics) Feed back system Temperature measurement system User “friendly”

6. X-ray beam Energy Size Cleanliness “Visibility” GeoSoilEnviroCARS The University of Chicago Laser heating workshop, March 20, 2004 X-ray (5-7  m) <10  m beam Sample (>20  m) Detection

7. GeoSoilEnviroCARS The University of Chicago Laser heating workshop, March 20, 2004 Alignment Five path alignment (2+2+1) With coaxial optics, three path alignment (1+1+1) X-ray position (visual image, small marker) No pre-alignment, every cell is unique Alignment stability (< 2  m)

8. Sample environment Absorption considerations Self absorption (metal, semi-transparent) Mixture Double hot plates Insulation considerations (medium) Materials (Ar, NaCl, Al 2 O 3, MgO, KCl…) Thickness Diffraction pattern, absorption,... Sample Grain size, thickness, shape (disc) Others Pressure determination X-ray alignment Loading environment GeoSoilEnviroCARS The University of Chicago Laser heating workshop, March 20, 2004 sampleGasket laser medium X-ray

9. GeoSoilEnviroCARS The University of Chicago Laser heating workshop, March 20, 2004 Detection - Atomic structure diffraction, EXAFS,… - Phonons nuclear inelastic scattering, … - Electronic structure x-ray Raman, emission, absorption - Magnetism Mössbauer, emission - Chemical composition emission, absorption, … ……

10. GeoSoilEnviroCARS The University of Chicago Laser heating workshop, March 20, 2004 Data evaluation * Large amount of data notes (data catcher), software * “Unexpected” features conditions, chemistry, reproducibility * “Dynamic” experiments on-line analysis