1. Macromolecules

2. CARBOHYDRATES contain C,H,O usually ratio 1C: 2 H : 1 O large chains & rings of C w/diff. molecules 2-3% of body wt. are sugars or starches provide most of the energy used by cells If not immediately needed for ATP synthesis, they are converted into glycogen or fat

3. Monosaccharides simple sugar : single chain or single ring (3-7 carbons) Building blocks (monomers) of carbohydrates –Glucose: main energy source for cells –Fructose: found in fruits, sweetest – Galactose: found in milk –Ribose, Deoxyribose: make up DNA, RNA

4. Isomers are compounds with the same chemical formula but different structural formulas

5. Disaccharides Double sugar –Maltose: malt sugar ( glucose + glucose) –Sucrose:cane sugar ( glucose + fructose) –Lactose: milk ( glucose + galactose ) Form by: DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS Removal of water to join 2 monomers Forms dimers, polymers

6. Polysaccharides complex molecules composed of three or more monosaccharides Ideal for storage Lack sweetness of mono + disaccharides Glycogen: storage in animals –Muscles, liver Starch: storage molecule for plant Cellulose: gives strength and rigitiy to stalks and stems (Potatoes, carrots, etc)

8. STARCH

9. GLYCOGEN

11. LIPIDS- large nonpolar organic molecules 18%-25% of body weight fewer covalent bonds fat-marbled meats, egg yolks, milk, oils, waxes Most lipids are insoluble in water but dissolve in other lipids and alcohol, acetone

12. Fatty Acids - unbranched C chains that make up most lipids long carbon chains with a carboxyl group at the end (COOH) carboxyl end is polar and thus hydrophilic -attracted to water hydrocarbon end is non-polar and thus hydrophobic - water fearing

13. Saturated fatty acid-a fatty acid where all the carbon to carbon bonds are single bonds Unsaturated fatty acid- there is at least on carbon to carbon double bond Higher ratio of carbon and hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms –causes them to have more carbon to hydrogen bonds which store more energy….hence fats having a higher caloric value

15. NEUTRAL FATS (TRIGLYCERIDES) BUILDING BLOCKS –3 Fatty acids –Glycerol most common in the body Concentrated sources of energy adipose tissue insulates and protects organs

16. SOLID: (animal fats) –Saturated: carbons have single bonds LIQUID: (plant oils) –Unsaturated: carbons have double or triple bonds

17. PHOSPOLIPIDS Important in cell membranes – allows them to be selective POLAR HEAD – attracts and interacts with water and ions (hydrophilic) NONPOLAR TAILS- ‘hydrophobic’

19. STEROIDS Four interlocking rings Structure differs from other fats Made largely of H and C atoms

21. CHOLESTEROL –is most important molecule in steroids –meat, eggs, cheese –Certain amount made in liver –Found in ALL cell membranes Provide rigidity Facilitates communication between cells

22. –Particularly abundant in brain –Used to form sex hormones, cortisol (stress hormone), bile salts, and vitamin D

23. ATHEROSCLEROSIS deposit of FAT in artery walls

26. ATERIOSCLEROSIS hardening of arteries

28. OLIVE ‘ OYL’ ‘POLLY’ UNSATURATED HOW DO WE MAINTAIN HOMEOSTATIS?

29. Omega-3 Fats (Fish, walnuts) safflower, corn, sunflower and soybean oils

30. PROTEINS

31. complex in structure composed of amino acids larger range of functions than carbohydrates and lipids normal lean adult is 12 -18% proteins

33. PROTEIN STRUCTURE

34. FUNCTIONS Structural –collagen fibers in connective tissues – keratin is in hair and skin

35. STRAIGHT HAIRCURLY HAIR

36. Healthy Cuticle Damaged Cuticle

37. ANDROGENIC ALOPECIA 50 and 80% of Caucasian men Asian males have lower incidences present in the general female population at a rate between 20 to 40%

39. Regulatory hormones help regulate growth and development insulin - regulates blood sugar levels guide neuron growth

40. DIABETES Types 1 or 2 (more common) Not enough insulin or cells ignore insulin (high blood glucose level)

41. Contractile actin and myosin filaments found in muscle cells

42. Contractile aid in cell division, movement and sperm propulsion

43. Immunological antibodies bind with and inactivate bacteria, toxins, and viruses function in immune response help protect body from foreign substances

46. AIDS

47. Transport hemoglobin carries oxygen and carbon dioxide, lipoproteins carry lipids iron transport

48. Sickle Cell Anemia

49. Catalytic essential to almost every biochemical reaction in the body increase rate of chemical reactions