1. The Problems of Overpopulation
Chapter 9
The Problems of Overpopulation

2. Question: What are some of the factors contributing to World Hunger?

3. ANSWER: World Hunger related to…
Poverty
Inequitable distribution of resources
(Modern agriculture produces enough food to adequately feed everyone, but the food is unevenly distributed.)
3. Overpopulation (demand on resources results in environmental damage.
Exact causes are unclear…

4. Population and Quality of Life
Environmental degradation
Hunger
Persistent poverty
Economic stagnation
Urban deterioration
Health issues
Primary problems with overpopulation:

5. Rapid Increase of Population adds to
human problems (disease)
environmental problems (environmental degradation)
poverty
urban problems (crime, quality of life, homelessness)
Urbanization: Increasing convergence of rural people to cities.

6. 2 types of overpopulation
1)People overpopulation
2)Consumption population.

7. People overpopulation
Environment suffers due to too many people
Usually occurs in developing countries.

8. Consumption population
Consumption: the human use of materials and energy.
Consumption Overpopulation: occurs when each individual consumes too much in highly developed countries.

9. Consumption population
Voluntary Simplicity: attempts to reduce consumption.
“Live simply so that others may simply live.”
National Research Council: examines U.S. consumption.
Worldwatch Institute: calculates the quantity of materials consumed annually in the U.S.

10. The highest fertility rates are found in the countries with the greatest shortages.
According to the United Nations about 25,000 people die every day of hunger or hunger-related causes. This is one person every three and a half seconds.

11. Numbers at a Glance from Ethiopia
  6 percent of births are attended by a skilled health professional;
  1 in 4 women dies in pregnancy or childbirth;
  4 million children are orphaned, nearly 1 million by AIDS;
  Only 18 percent of children reach grade five.

12. Total fertility rate is the average number of children born to each woman.
Example Egypt in 1960 TFR was 7.0 was reduced to a TFR of 3.3 in 2000.
55% of married Egyptian women now use contraception.
St. Lucia TFR declined from 3.8 in 1990 to 2.2 in 2004

13. It contributes to the social welfare of Muslims.
Egypt now allows use of contraception due to a reinterpretation of Mohammed’s teachings by Islamic scholars (Grand Mufti)
Contraception is
OK by me!
It contributes to the social welfare of Muslims.

14. Wait Movies and TV can be used for GOOD??
Family planning helps reduce TFR through education (religion & media), abstinence, legislation & use of contraception.
Oral contraceptives are the most effective form of birth control.
And the Nile Flows on…

15. Family Planning
Faces challenges from various religious and cultural traditions.
Reproductive rights of women. (low status of women contributes to High TFR’s)
Countries like China, India, Mexico, and Nigeria have attempted to control TFR.
1994 Global Summit on population & Development placed an emphasis on the empowerment of women.

16. QUESTION: What is the Relationship between education & Fertility?

17. QUESTION: What is the Relationship between education & Fertility?

20. Percent married women using any type of contraception
% contraception Total fertility

21. Population and Quality of Life
Population and World Hunger

22. Population and Quality of Life
Different proposed strategies for reducing hunger:
1) Strictly control population growth
2) Stimulate economic development
3) Provide better equitability of resources

23. Population and Quality of Life
Economic Effects of Continued Population Growth
Competing hypotheses:
Hyp 1: Rapid population growth  ↑economic development + ↑technological innovation.
Why would they think this?
Hyp 2: Rapid population growth does the opposite.

24. Population and Quality of Life
Economic Effects of Continued Population Growth
Debt in Developing Countries

25. Ecological Footprint.

27. Developing Countries
Developing countries have small resource demands but large population deplete natural resources (renewable & nonrenewable)
Cities in these countries tend to have more males than females.
These countries contain 80% of the world’s population.
Rapid growth in the poorest cities is the most urgent global population problem.

28. Developing Countries
Economic Growth must be greater than population growth to increase the standard of living.

29. U.S. has cancelled debts to developing nations (1990-1997) in excess of $2.3 Billion.
Developing Countries

30. Highly Developed Countries
Highly Developed Countries have large resource demands and deplete natural resources (renewable & nonrenewable) even though population may not be large in comparison to developing countries.
These nations produce 75% of the worlds pollution & waste.

31. Reducing the Total Fertility Rate
Why is Total Fertility Typically High?
Gender defined roles
High fertility to compensate for high mortality
Work expectations of children
Religious beliefs

32. What is the Relationship between education & Fertility?

33. Relationship between education & Fertility

34. Reducing the Total Fertility Rate
The Social and Economic Status of Women
Gender inequity is common worldwide
Percent illiteracy of men and women in select developing countries, 2002

35. Reducing the Total Fertility Rate
The Social and Economic Status of Women
Gender inequity is common worldwide
Younger age of marriage  ↑ fertility rates

36. Reducing the Total Fertility Rate
The Social and Economic Status of Women
Gender inequity is common worldwide
Younger age of marriage  ↑ fertility rates
Higher level of education  ↓ fertility rates

37. Reducing the Total Fertility Rate
Family Planning Services

38. Reducing the Total Fertility Rate
Family Planning Services
Selected Birth Control Methods
Oral contraceptives
Implants
IUD
Spermicides
Condom, male
Rhythm

39. Government Policies and Fertility
China’s Controversial Family Planning Policy
One child per family
Main problems with policy:
Eroded personal freedom
Disproportionate number of males born

40. Government Policies and Fertility
India’s Severe Population Pressure
Early efforts centered on compulsory sterilization.
(which was a complete failure)
Currently attempting to integrate economic development and family planning.
(total fertility rates have dropped)

41. Government Policies and Fertility
Mexico’s Young Age Structure
Strong positive population growth momentum due to high % young.
Government measures (e.g., education reform) have reduced the fertility rate.

42. Government Policies and Fertility
The Population Challenge in Nigeria
Most populous African country with high a fertility rate.
Birth control use very low (8%).
Government attempting to improve health care and encourage marrying later.

43. Government Policies and Fertility
Population Concerns in Europe:
Opposite of most areas — fertility rate very low.
Pronatalists predict overwhelmed pension programs and loss of economic growth.
Opponents predict technological innovations will spur economic growth and the elderly will be asset to society.

44. Government Policies and Fertility
Case-in-Point: The Global Summit on Population and Development
Focused on:
Reproductive rights
Empowerment of women
Reproductive health

45. Achieving Population Stabilization
Discuss some of the ethical issues associated with overpopulation:
Is it ethical to have more than 2 children?
Is it ethical to consume to much in the way of material possessions?
Is it ethical to try to influence a couple’s decision about family size?

46. Family Planning: Past attempts to control population
+/- = the impact on population
/ = popularity of the attempt
China: 1 child per couple (+) 
India: (1970’s) to slow population growth forced sterilization (+) 
Mexico: Education (soap operas) & healthcare (+) 
Nigeria: Education & healthcare (-) 
Egypt: Education & healthcare (+) 

47. Beginning of chapter 10

48. Special Tank-yews Mr. Saccone form Eastchester High School
Mr. Gardineer Mahopac HighSchool

49. The City as an Ecosystem
Urbanization: urban areas vary by # of people.
US Bureau of Census defines an urban area as “a location with 2500 or more people.
 75% of US Population lives in an urban environment.

50. The City as an Ecosystem
Population  Organization EnvironmentTechnology
Population
Organization
Environment
Technology

51. The City as an Ecosystem
Long Term Ecological Research (LERT) sponsored by The National Science Foundation looks into urban ecology to assess ecological effects of human settlement.
Brownfields: areas of abandoned, vacant factories, warehouses, & residential areas that may be contaminated.

52. The City as an Ecosystem
Urban Heat Island: the heat released by paved streets & Buildings is slowly released into the atmosphere.
(remember albedo?)
The atmosphere over cities is often cloudier &
produces more precipitation than the surrounding
countryside.

53. The City as an Ecosystem
Benefits of Urbanization (+)
Compact Development: cities are often designed to be efficient so that public transport is utilized.
Ex: Curitiba, Brazil

54. Compact Development in Portland Oregon

55. Model of Environmental Impact
Proposed by Ehrlich & Holdren
I = P x A x T
Environmental Impact = # of people x affluence per person x technological effect of using and obtaining resources.