1. Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 1
Introduction
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

2. Framework of the Book: An Overview
Foundations
Chapters 1 – 5
Context
Chapters 6 – 12
Problems and Prospects
Chapters 13 – 14
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

3. Themes of the Book: An Overview
Cultural Contrasts
Historical Contrasts
Interdisciplinary Approach
Gender Issues
Globalization
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

4. Chapter Content Overview
Adolescence in Western Cultures throughout the ages
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Transitions to adulthood
Research and theory on adolescence and emerging adulthood
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

5. Adolescence is….
…The period after puberty begins and before adult roles are taken on…
…culturally constructed
…a fairly new term, coming into common usage in the early 20th Century
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

6. Adolescence: A Cultural Construct
Almost all cultures recognize “adolescence” as a life period
The length, content and daily experience differs across cultures
Different cultures define adult status, roles and responsibilities differently
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

7. Adolescence in Western Cultures
Ancient Times
Early Christian Times through the Middle Ages
1500 – 1890
The Age of Adolescence,
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

8. Adolescence in Western Cultures Ancient Greece
Life Stage
Plato on Education
The infant’s mind is too undeveloped to learn much
Infancy (birth – 7)
Education should focus on sports and music
Childhood (7-14)
Capacity for reason allows for study of science and math
Adolescence (14-21)
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

9. The Age of Adolescence: 1890-1920
Contributing Factors:
Legislation prohibiting child labour
Compulsory education
Adolescence as a distinct field of scholarship
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10. Inventionist Views: Do you Agree?
“Child labor laws are a way of keeping young people out of useful work.”
“The education system just institutionalizes young people to make them passive and compliant to authority.”
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

11. G. Stanley Hall: Key Ideas
Child Study Movement – research to better the lives of children and adolescents
Recapitulation – development of an individual reenacts evolution of human species
Storm and Stress – upheaval and disorder is a normal part of adolescent development
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

12. The Storm and Stress Debate
“to be normal during the adolescent period is by itself abnormal” (p. 275)
-- Anna Freud (1958)
Discuss this statement as it relates to
“Storm and Stress” during adolescence.
Freud, A. (1958). Adolescence. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 13,
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

13. Adolescence: From Hall’s Time to Our Time
1900
2000
14-24 years
10-18 years
From 1900 to 1970, initial age of menarche has declined (from 15 to 12.5 years)
First signs of puberty begin about 2 years prior to menarche
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

14. Emerging Adulthood is the age of…
Who Am I? Am I going to find an apartment? Am I going to like moving away to study? Am I really an adult now?
Identity explorations
Instability
Self-focus
Feeling in-between
Possibilities
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

15. Rate of Residential Change by Age
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2003
How does this data relate to the five qualities of emerging adulthood?
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

16. Discussion Stop
In your view, what marks the attainment of adulthood for yourself?
For others, generally?
How do the results in the following slide compare?
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

17. “Do you feel that you’ve reached adulthood?”
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

18. Discussion Stop
Is 25 a good upper age boundary for the end of emerging adulthood?
Where would you put the upper age boundary, and why?
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

19. The Transition to Adulthood: American Style
Legally an adult at age 18
Characterized by Individualism:
Accepting responsibility for oneself
Making independent decisions
Becoming financially independent
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

20. The Transition to Adulthood: Other Perspectives
Israel
Argentina
S. Korea
Completing Military Service
Being able to support a family financially
Being able to support their parents financially
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

21. Individualism & Interdependence
In traditional cultures, marriage marks the transition to adulthood
Explain this in terms of values of individualism vs. collectivism or interdependence.
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

22. Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood
Applying Standards of the Scientific Method:
Hypotheses – finding an answer to an important question that emerges from theory or previous research
Sampling – choosing participants to represent the population of interest
Procedure – the way the study is conducted and data is collected
Methods – strategies for collecting data
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

23. Research Issue: Sampling a Population
A researcher surveys young adults in a drug rehabilitation program to find out about the frequency of drug use among American urban adolescents. She determines that 100% of the young adults in the sample have used drugs.
Is this sample generalizable to the population? Explain and discuss.
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

24. Research Issue: Informed Consent
A researcher wants to observe adolescents in their “habitat.” She goes to a school and hangs out, taking pictures and talking to students about their lives. The adolescents do not know she is a researcher.
Is this an ethical way of conducting research? Explain and discuss in terms of informed consent.
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

25. Research Issue: Reliability & Validity
You have a 50 pound weight that has been tested on a NASA scale. You put it on your bathroom scale and it reads 45 pounds. You weigh it five more times, each yielding a result of 45 pounds.
Is your scale a reliable measure? Is your scale a valid measure? Explain.
FLY-IN ANSWER!
The scale is reliable because it obtains the same results every time.
The scale is NOT valid because it is NOT truly or accurately measuring the weight (given that the NASA scale is valid).
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

26. Research Methods Method Description Example Ethnography
Participant observation
Mead in Samoa
Harvard Adolescence Project
Biological Measurement
Measurement of biological factors (e.g., timing of puberty)
Tanner (timing and sequence of pubertal change)
Experimental Research
Treatment and control (non-treatment) groups
Research on media use (p. 24)
Testing anti-smoking interventions
Daily Records
Participants wear beepers and record their experiences at intervals
Experience Sampling Method – Beeper studies
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

27. Research Methods Type of Data Qualitative Quantitative Strategies
Close ended questionnaires
Interviews
Applications
Large scale surveys (e.g., Monitoring the Future)
Adolescents and emerging adults describe their own experiences in their own words
Drawbacks
Restrictive in terms of responses
Coding and categorizing is time-consuming
Benefits
Yields Large scale, comprehensive data
Richness and complexity
Note: Combining methods allows for a rich and comprehensive understanding
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

28. Correlation versus Causation
Example: In a study, physical exercise was found to be related to happiness. The more people exercised they tended to be happier.
Can we assert that exercise causes happiness?
FLY-IN ANSWER!
Correlation does not imply causation.
Interpretation is needed to understand relation between correlation and causation.
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

29. Key Chapter Ideas
Adolescence and emerging adulthood is culturally constructed and varies among cultures
Adolescence emerged in its modern form circa
Emerging Adulthood is the period from 18-25
The scientific method includes a variety of strategies for studying adolescence and emerging adulthood
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.