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Chapter 1 New World Encounters
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New World Encounters © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Native American Histories Before the Conquest
04/06/98 Native American Histories Before the Conquest 20,000 years ago—Siberian hunters became first American inhabitants 14,000 years ago—humans reached tip of South America These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from many communicative diseases © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 2 2 2
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Routes of the First Americans
04/06/98 Routes of the First Americans © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 2 2 2
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The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture
04/06/98 The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat Some suggest they over-hunted and caused the extinction of several large species Climatic warming probably played a much bigger role © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 2 2 2
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The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture
04/06/98 The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture 5,000 years ago—agricultural revolution Crops included maize, squash, and beans Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 2 2 2
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Mysterious Disappearances
04/06/98 Mysterious Disappearances Anasazi culture—Chaco Canyon Sophisticated irrigation Well-built roads for transportation Adena and Hopewell peoples—Ohio Valley Large ceremonial mounds Extensive trade network © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 2 2 2
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Mysterious Disappearances
04/06/98 Mysterious Disappearances Cahokia—Mississippi Valley Large ceremonial mounds Far-flung trade network © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 2 2 2
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Aztec Dominance Aztecs settled valley of Mexico
04/06/98 Aztec Dominance Aztecs settled valley of Mexico Center of large, powerful empire Highly-organized social and political structure Ruled through fear and force © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 3 3 3
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Aztec Dominance © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Eastern Woodland Cultures
04/06/98 Eastern Woodland Cultures Atlantic coast of North America Native Americans lived in smaller bands Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering Likely were the first natives encountered by English settlers © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 4 4 4
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Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s
04/06/98 Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 4 4 4
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Confederacies of Eastern North America
04/06/98 Confederacies of Eastern North America Huron—southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and Erie Iroquois—central New York Powhattan—Chesapeake © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 6 6 6
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04/06/98 A World Transformed Large numbers of whites profoundly altered native cultures The rate of change varied from place to place Native traditions changed radically for cultural survival © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 5 5 5
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A World Transformed © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Cultural Negotiations
04/06/98 Cultural Negotiations Diversity of language groups, ethnicities Place in society defined through kinship Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical formation Diplomacy, trade, war organized around reciprocal relationships © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 5 5 5
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Threats to Survival: Trade
04/06/98 Threats to Survival: Trade Native Americans were eager for European trade They became dependent on, and indebted to, Europeans Commerce also influenced warfare patterns © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 7 7 7
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Threats to Survival: Disease
04/06/98 Threats to Survival: Disease Contact brought population decline among American Indians Cause: lack of resistance to epidemic disease Smallpox Measles Influenza Rate as high as 95% © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 8 8 8
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Native American Population Loss, 1500–1700
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West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies
04/06/98 West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies Diversity of sub-Saharan cultures Islam Strong traditional beliefs A history of empires Mali Ghana Daily life centered on elder-ruled clans © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 10 10 10
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West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies
© Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Trade Routes in Africa 04/06/98
© Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 10 10 10
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Beginnings of the Slave Trade
04/06/98 Beginnings of the Slave Trade Fifteenth-century Portuguese charted sea lanes from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa Native rulers sold prisoners of war to Portuguese as slaves © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 11 11 11
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How Many Slaves? Seventeenth century—ca. 1,000 Africans per year
04/06/98 How Many Slaves? Seventeenth century—ca. 1,000 Africans per year Eighteenth century—5.5 million transported to the Americas By 1860—ca. 11 million Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 12 12 12
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Europe on the Eve of Conquest
04/06/98 Europe on the Eve of Conquest Tenth century—Leif Ericson settled “Vinland” Late fifteenth century—preconditions for overseas settlement attained Rise of nation-states Spread of new technologies Spread of old knowledge © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 13 13 13
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Europe on the Eve of Conquest
04/06/98 Europe on the Eve of Conquest 1492—Columbus initiated large-scale European colonization © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 13 13 13
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Building New Nation-States
04/06/98 Building New Nation-States Population growth after 1450 “New monarchs” forged nations from scattered provinces Spain France England “Middle class” a new source of revenue Powerful military forces deployed © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 14 14 14
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04/06/98 Imagining a New World Spain became the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella 1492—Jews and Muslims expelled Conquest of Canary Islands provided rehearsal for colonization © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 15 15 15
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Christopher Columbus © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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04/06/98 Myths and Reality Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella to finance westward expedition to “Cathay” 1492—initial voyage Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 16 16 16
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04/06/98 Myths and Reality 1506—Columbus died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient Made Spanish dominion in America possible © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 16 16 16
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The Columbian Exchange and the Global Environment
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The Conquistadores: Faith and Greed
04/06/98 The Conquistadores: Faith and Greed Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands By 1512—major Caribbean islands decimated By 1521—Cortés destroyed Aztec empire 1539–1542—de Soto explored Southeast 1540–1542—Coronado explored Southwest © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 17 17 17
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Voyages of European Exploration
04/06/98 Voyages of European Exploration © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 17 17 17
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From Plunder to Settlement
04/06/98 From Plunder to Settlement Encomienda System rewarded Conquistadors Large land grants Indian inhabitants provided labor or tribute Appointed officials answered only to crown Catholic Church Protected Indian rights Performed mass conversions © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 18 18 18
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From Plunder to Settlement
04/06/98 From Plunder to Settlement By 1650, half million Spaniards in New World Unmarried males intermarried Mixed-blood population emerged © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 18 18 18
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The Virgin of Guadalupe
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The French Claim Canada
04/06/98 The French Claim Canada 1608—Samuel de Champlain founded Québec French empire eventually included St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi French crown made little effort to foster settlement © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 19 19 19
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The French Claim Canada
© Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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The French Claim Canada
04/06/98 The French Claim Canada Fur trade underpinned economy Indians became valued trading partners © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 19 19 19
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The English Enter the Competition
04/06/98 The English Enter the Competition Claimed New World territory under Henry VIII (r. 1509–1547) England achieved preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 20 20 20
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The English Enter the Competition
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Birth of English Protestantism
04/06/98 Birth of English Protestantism Protestant Reformation played a major role in England’s rise to dominance 1517—Martin Luther sparked reform in Germany 1536—John Calvin’s Institutes published in Geneva Reformation pitted European Protestants against Catholics © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 21 21 21
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The English Reformation
04/06/98 The English Reformation Tudor monarchs brought political unity Reformation under Henry Vlll (r. 1509–1547) strengthened Crown Protestant reform accelerated under Edward VI (r. 1547–1553) Death of Mary I (r. 1553–1558) cut short English Catholic Counter-Reformation © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 22 22 22
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The English Reformation
04/06/98 The English Reformation Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603) consolidated English Reformation © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 22 22 22
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Militant Protestantism
04/06/98 Militant Protestantism Lutheran Reformation God speaks through Bible, not through Pope or priests Justification by faith alone for salvation Calvinist Reformation John Calvin stressed God’s omnipotence Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 22 22 22
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Militant Protestantism
04/06/98 Militant Protestantism Calvinist Christianity expanded in northern Europe France—Huguenots Scotland—Presbyterians England—Puritans © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 22 22 22
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Woman in Power Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603) was a very capable monarch
04/06/98 Woman in Power Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603) was a very capable monarch Elizabeth introduced Via Media Protestant doctrine “Catholic” ritual Ended religious turmoil in England © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 22 22 22
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04/06/98 Woman in Power Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompted Spanish crusade against England England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic powers © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 22 22 22
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Religion, War, and Nationalism
04/06/98 Religion, War, and Nationalism Spanish hostility made Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure made them English heroes Elizabeth’s subjects raided Spain’s American empire 1588—Spanish Armada defeated © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 23 23 23
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An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke
04/06/98 An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584 He named the region Virginia after the Virgin Queen The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587 The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mystery © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 25 25 25
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Mystery at Roanoke © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Campaign to Sell America
04/06/98 Campaign to Sell America By 1600, no English settlements in New World Richard Hakluyt advertised benefits of American colonization Claimed that England needed American colonies © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 25 25 25
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