0. Ubiquitous Sensor Network Technology
1: Web Services Architecture
Ubiquitous Sensor Network Technology
Prof. Ki-Hyung Kim
Ajou University, Korea

1. 1: Web Services Architecture
Contents
Standardization of Wireless Sensor Networks
IETF, SP100, WirelessHART, ZigBee, IEEE 802
Overview IP-USN Research and Development

2. Overview of Wireless Sensor Network Technologies
Internet
L2N
TrueMesh
Wireless HART
ISA SP100.11a
Xmesh
Znet
MintRoute
MultiHop LQI
CENS Route
Smartmesh
TinyAODV
Honeywell

3. IEEE

4. IEEE 802.15 Task Group SC wng TG 1 TG 2 TG 3 TG 4 TG 5 TG6 TG 3a TG 4a
< >
WG for WPAN
Secretary
Publicity Committee
Task Groups
Study Groups
SC wng
TG 1
TG 2
TG 3
TG 4
TG 5
TG6
TG 3a
TG 4a
TG 3b
TG 4b
Standing
Committee
TG 3c
TG 4c
finish
Withdrawn
TG 4d
Working TG
TG4e

5. IEEE 802 WG15 Overview
IEEE
15th working group of the IEEE 802 which specializes in Wireless PAN (Personal Area Network) standards
TG1 : Bluetooth based WPAN (finished)
TG2 : Coexistence of WLAN and WPAN (finished)
TG3 : High Rate WPAN (finished)
TG3a : TG3 based Alternative PHY (withdraw)
TG3b : TG3 based MAC Amendment (finished)
TG3c : TG3 based Millimeter Wave Alternative PHY (in progress)
TG4 : Low rate WPAN (finished)
TG4a : TG4 Alternative PHY (finished)
TG4b : TG4 based Revision (finished)
TG4c : TG4 based Chinese amendment PHY (in progress)
TG4d : TG4 based Japan amendment PHY (in progress)
TG5 : TG3 & TG4 based Mesh networking (in progress)
TG6 : Body Area Network (in progress)

6. ZigBee

7. Zigbee Organization

8. Present Status of ZigBee Alliance
Specification : ZigBee Pro (2007)
Balloted Specification
PRO Features
Features removed from ZigBee-2006 in PRO
CSKIP address assignment
Tree routing (table routing remains)
Features added to PRO
Mesh network routing
Stochastic address assignment/address conflict resolution
Many to one routing/Source routing
Multicast
Frequency Agility
Fragmentation/Re-assembly
Link Status/Symmetric routes

9. Present Status of ZigBee Alliance
ZigBee Network Topologies and Routing
Cluster tree networks provide for a beaconing multi-hop network
Mesh network routing permits path formation from any source device to any destination device via a path formed by routing packets through neighbors
ZigBee Routing employs both Mesh Routing and Cluster Tree Routing
Routing by default will employ mesh and can fall back to cluster tree if a route error is generated on the packet

10. Advantages of IP-based Sensor Networks
상호운용성(Interoperability)
인터넷상의 다른 디바이스 (WiFi, Ethernet, WiBro, Wireless Mesh, HSDPA 등으로 연결가능)
이미 검증된 보안(Security) 기술
인증(Authentication), 접근제어(access control), and 방화벽(firewall)
Network design
이미 검증된 응용계층 모델 및 서비스 (Established Application model and service
소켓 API 기반의 센서 개발
DNS, SLP
통합 네트워크 관리기술 (Integrated Network Management)
Ping, Traceroute, SNMP등
전달계층 프로토콜 (Transport Protocols)
End-to-End Reliable streaming

11. 6lowpan Node Architecture
1: Web Services Architecture
6lowpan Node Architecture
SNMP Mngmt
Service Naming & Discovery
Sensor App
Socket-lite API
TCP/UDP IP
ICMP
Adaptation Layer
Fragmentation
/Reassembly
Commissioning & Bootstrapping ND
Optimization
Mesh Routing
IEEE (a,b)
Sensor Node Hardware

12. Standardization Activities in IETF

13. 6lowpan Node Architecture
1: Web Services Architecture
6lowpan Node Architecture
SNMP Mngmt
Service Naming & Discovery
Sensor App
Socket-lite API
TCP/UDP IP
ICMP
Adaptation Layer
Fragmentation
/Reassembly
Commissioning & Bootstrapping ND
Optimization
Mesh Routing
IEEE (a,b)
Sensor Node Hardware

14. 6lowpan Standardization Activities
Rechartering Stage
1. Produce "6LoWPAN Bootstrapping and 6LoWPAN IPv6 ND Optimizations“
to define limited extensions to IPv6 Neighbor Discovery [RFC4861] for use specifically in low-power networks. This document (or documents) will define how to bootstrap a 6LoWPAN network and explore ND optimizations such as reusing the structure of the network (e.g., by using the coordinators), and reduce the need for multicast by having devices talk to coordinators (without creating a single point-of-failure, or changing the semantics of the IPv6 ND multicasts).
This document or documents will be a proposed standard.
2. Produce "Problem Statement for Stateful Header Compression in 6LoWPANs"
to document the problem of using stateful header compression (2507, ROHC) in 6LoWPANs. Currently 6LoWPAN only specifies the use of stateless header compression given the assumption that stateful header compression may be too complex. This document will determine if the assumption is correct and describe where the problems are.
This document will be informational.

15. 6lowpan Standardization Activities
3. Produce "6LoWPAN Architecture"
to describe the design and implementation of 6LoWPAN networks. This document will cover the concepts of "Mesh Under" and "Route Over", design issues such as operation with sleeping nodes, network components (both battery-and line-powered), addressing, and IPv4/IPv6 network connections. As a spin-off from that document, “
6LoWPAN Routing Requirements" will describe 6LoWPAN-specific requirements on routing protocols used in 6LoWPANs, addressing both the "route-over" and "mesh-under" approach.
Both documents will be informational.
4. Produce "Use Cases for 6LoWPAN"
to define, for a small set of applications with sufficiently unique requirements, how 6LoWPANs can solve those requirements, and which protocols and configuration variants can be used for these scenarios. The use cases will cover protocols for transport, application layer, discovery, configuration and commissioning.
This document will be informational.

16. 6lowpan Standardization Activities
5. Produce "6LoWPAN Security Analysis"
to define the threat model of 6LoWPANs, to document suitability of existing key management schemes and to discuss bootstrapping/installation/commissioning/setup issues. This document will be referenced from the "security considerations" of the other 6LoWPAN documents.
This document will be informational.

17. IETF RL2N BOF

18. RL2N WG Charter: Overview Work Items
Produce use cases documents for Industrial, Connected Home, Building and urban application networks.
Describe the use case and the associated routing protocol requirements.
The documents will progress in collaboration with the 6lowpan Working Group (INT area). 

Survey the applicability of existing protocols to L2Ns: analyze the scaling and characteristics of existing protocols and identify whether or not they meet the routing requirements of the L2Ns applications.
Existing IGPs, MANET, NEMO, DTN routing protocols will be part of evaluation.

19. RL2N WG Charter: Overview Work Items (2)
3. Specification of routing metrics used in path calculation.
This includes static and dynamic link/nodes attributes required for routing in L2Ns.
4. Provide an architectural framework for routing and path selection at Layer 3 (Routing for L2N Architecture)

Decide whether the L2Ns routing protocol require a distributed, centralized path computation models or both.

Decide whether the L2N routing protocol requires a hierarchical routing approach.
5. Produce a security framework for routing in L2Ns.

20. Interaction with other WGs
6lowpan: working on L2Ns over
MANET: we may be end up using some (adapted) MANET protocols if the WG think that they satisfy the requirements
Other industry forums and SDOs.
Zigbee,
ITU,
Bluetooth,

21. Wireless HART

22. Industrial Automation Background
Very important functionality
60 million installed process control sensors
4 million shipping per year
~50% are “smart” today – wired networks
HART
Most popular wired sensor network protocol
HART 1: 1,200 baud digital comm over 4-20mA loops
Wireless HART
Ratified as a part of HART7 September 2007
based
Announced vendors: ABB, Emerson, Siemens, …
Multi-hop Mesh networking
SP100 wireless
Draft standard in 2008
Adopted 6LoWPAN, but defining own routing, transport
Wireless HART and SP100 are a hybrid of circuit and packet switched
IEEE E WG created to standardize

23. Examples of Data flows Low frequency data collection
1/s to 1/hour; typically < 1/min
Latency comparable to sample interval
Typically <50B
Some time series >10kB
Alarms
<50B
Log file upload
1/day, 1/year
10kB ..1MB
Human diagnostic query/response
Mean latency important
Feedback control
Max latency important
Latency from minutes to <1ms (infeasible w/ 15.4 radios)
Often all of these will be operating in different parts of the network

24. ISA SP100.11a

25. Intro to ISA100
ISA100 – Wireless Systems for Industrial Automation and Process Control
ISA100.11a
- Wireless sensor and controls network
- Utilizing
- DLL provides mesh network using hybrid CSMA and TDMA
- Using 6LoWPAN/IPv6/UDPv6 and TFTP
- Backbone router inter-connects DLL subnets

26. ISA100.11 reference model DLL subnet Backbone Router DLL subnet
Gateway
(ALG)‏
DLL subnet
Plant Network
System
Manager
Security
Manager

27. Routing to a Gateway on Backbone
The SP100.11a network is a single link. Link local addresses can be used to reach any mote.

28. Multi-floor building example with single DLL subnet

29. Packet flow to the gateway with IPv6

30. Transit
Network
Plant
Network
Binding update A
G/W
Backbone
Router 1 A
Security
Manager
NA(A) : BR1’s
Backbone
Router
NS(A) multicast
System
Manager
Binding update
NA(A): BR2’s
Backbone
Router 2 B
NS(A) unicast B
A via BR2
A via BR1
DLL subnet
ISA100.11a Network

31. IP-USN Research and Development in Korea

32. Major Characteristics of IP-USN
High Interoperability
Seamless Connectivity to Internet (IPv4/v6 support)
WiFi, Wireless Mesh, Ethernet, IEEE , RIP, OSPF
High Reliability
Automatic Faulty Router Detection and Network Recovery
MAC-assisted End-to-End Transport Protocol (mTCP)
Automatic State Restoration after Reboot
Multi-Router Support
High Scalability
Multi-Router Interworking
Scalable Tree-based Routing Protocol (HiLow)
Mesh Routing Protocol
Easy Configuration
Automatic Neighbor Discovery
IPv6 Autoconfiguration
Plug & Sensing Capability
Management
SNMP-based Management, ping
Web-based Monitoring and Management

33. High Interoperability
Seamless Connectivity to Internet (IPv6/v4)
Support various interfaces
WIFI, Ethernet, Wireless Mesh, IEEE
Support Internet standard routing protocol
RIP, OSPF
Interoperability test with KOREN 대구 광주 대전 수원 서울
2001:2b8:f2:2::4
2001:2b8:f2:2::3
DWDM/OADM
ATM Switch
Router
Gigabit Switch
35Gbps
2.5Gbps
155Mbps

34. High Reliability Multi-Router Interworking
Automatic Fault Detection and Network Recovery of 6lowpan routers and 6lowpan nodes

35. Bootstrapping and Commissioning Protocol with Multiple Routers

36. Bootstrapping and Commissioning Protocol with Multiple Routers
Sensor node list on the console of multiple routers

37. High Reliability (2) Reduce redundant re-transmission with MAC support
MAC-assisted End-to-End Transport Protocol (mTCP)
Reduce redundant re-transmission with MAC support
Server
6lowpan
Internet

38. High Scalability (1) Wireless Subnet Large scale sensor network design
Wireless Subnet A
Wireless Subnet B
Wireless Subnet C
Wireless Subnet D

39. Scalable Tree-based routing protocol (HiLow)
High Scalability (2)
Scalable Tree-based routing protocol (HiLow)
No routing table required
Simple Implementation
Robust 1-hop tree restructuring to link failures
Short-cut routing support

40. Easy Configuration DHCP support
Automatic neighbor discovery (IPv6 address autoconfiguration, short address assignment, Application profile)
Plug and Sense (PnS) Support
Main technology in Web-based Sensor Service Portal
Zero-Configuration to connect to the Internet and my Server
Plug and Sense support in especially DHCP environment
User Permission Management

41. IP-USN Network Management System

42. SNMP based Network Management
1: Web Services Architecture
SNMP based Network Management
6LoWPAN Management
Network Monitoring
Network Status Monitoring
PAN ID, Channel
Network Size (Number of Nodes, IPv6 Prefix information)
Topology Monitoring
Network Topology Monitoring
Neighbor Table Information
Routing Table Information
Sensor Node Management
Node Information
16bit, 64bit, IPv6 Address
Device type, Sensor type, H/W version
S/W profile, OS, MAC/PHY, Adaptation version
Battery status
6lowpan

43. Web-based Sensor Network Management
Configuration Management
Topology Management
Device Management
Topology Registration
Device Registration
Fault Management
Security Management
User Management*
Permission Management*
Power Management**
Performance Management*
Accounting Management**

44. Web-based Sensor Network Monitoring
Sensor Data Monitoring
Realtime Data Monitoring
History Data Monitoring
General Log
Alarm Log

45. IP-USN MIB (1/3)  LowPan Module  LowPanRoutingTable Module File
Variable
Description
lowPan
lowpanPanId
센서노드가 속한 PAN의 번호
lowpanChannel
센서 노드가 사용하는 채널
lowpanRoutingAlgorithm
현재 사용중인 라우팅 알고리즘
lowpanCompression
패킷 압축 여부
lowpanSupportExtended
EUI64주소를 이용한 라우팅 가능여부
 LowPanRoutingTable Module
File
Variable
Description
lowPanRoutingTable
lowpanRouteEUI64Address
라우팅 엔트리를 소유한 센서 노드의 EIU64 주소
lowpanRouteID
라우팅테이블에서 해당 Entry의 순차 번호
lowpanRouteDestAddress
최종 목적지주소
lowpanRouteNextHopAddress
최종 목적지를 위한 다음 목적지주소

46. IP-USN MIB (2/3)  LowPanNodeInfo Table Module File Variable
Description
lowPanNodeInfoTable
lowpanNodeEUI64Address
노드의 EUI64 주소
lowpanNodeAssociationPermit
센서노드가 티 노드의 Association을 받아 들일수 있는지에대한 값
lowpanNodeMaxChildren
최대로 가질수 있는 자식 노드의 수
lowpanNodeBeaconOrder
비콘 오더
lowpanNodeSuperframeOrder
슈퍼 프레임 오더
lowpanNodeBattery
배터리 상태 (현재는 0x64 고정)
lowpanNodeHwVersion
하드웨어 버전
lowpanNodeOsVersion
소프트웨어 버전
lowpanNodeRtEntryCount
센서노드가 가질수 있는 최대 라우팅 엔트리의 수
lowpanNodeNtEntryCount
센서노드가 가질수 있는 최대 네이버 엔트리의 수
lowpanNodeMaxHopCount
패킷의 TTL 범위
lowpanNodeRole
노드의 타입 (0: 코디네이터 1:라우터노드 2 : 브릿지 노드)
lowpanNodeIp6Addr
노드에 할당된 IPV6주소
lowpanNodeShortAddress
노드에 할당된 ShortAddress
lowpanNodeAlive
노드에 Alive 상태

47. IP-USN MIB (3/3)  LowPanNodeInfo Table Module File Variable
Description
lowPanNeighborTable
lowpanNeighborEUI64Address
네이버 엔트리를 소유한 센서 노드의 EIU64 주소
lowpanNeighborPanID
네이버의 PAN ID
lowpanNeighborNEUI64Address
네이버의 EUI64 주소
lowpanNeighborShortAddress
네이버의 ShortAddress
lowpanNeighborDeviceType
네이버의 Device Type
lowpanNeighborPermitJoin
네이버의 PermitJoin
lowpanNeighborLogicalChannel
네이버의 Logical 채널
lowpanNeighborValidated
네이버 Validated

48. Management with Commercial SNMP NMS System

49. Web-based USN Management & Monitoring

50. Design of IP-USN Router/Node
­ 50 ­

51. 6lowpan Node Architecture
1: Web Services Architecture
6lowpan Node Architecture
SNMP Mngmt
Service Naming
Sensor APP
TCP / UDP
ICMP
Adaptation Layer IP
Socket-lite-API
IEEE (a,b)
Sensor Node Hardware
Fragmentation
/ Reassembly
Commissioning &
Bootstrapping
ND Optimization
Mesh Routing

52. 6lowpan Router Architecture
1: Web Services Architecture
6lowpan Router Architecture
Ethernet
MAC PHY
Wibro
MAC
PHY
WiFi
IPv4 & IPv6 Dual
LoWPAN
MAC / PHY
Internet
IP-USN
Adaptation 내부 압축 ND
Proxy
GAR MA 외부
SSLP TA

53. Specification of IP-USN Router
HW Spec
SW Spec
Main Core
AT91SAM9260, 180MHz /32bit
IP-USN Sensor Node Device Driver
Memory
16MB Serial Data Flash / 64MB SDRAM
WiBro Device Driver
Ethernet Port
10/100Base-T 1 Port
WiBro Connection Manager
WiBro Module
WiBro Module, USB Type
USIM Card Slot
WiFi Device Driver
WiFi Module
b/g, USB Type
USB Host Device Driver
Console
RS Port
Debug Serial Port
RS Port, Internal
Power
5VDC Input
Battery
NiMH 2200mAh Battery Pack
Low Battery detection circuit 기타
Atmel Internal Watch Dog
Dimensions
167(W)X140(L)X35.5 (T) (mm)
­ 53 ­ 53

54. WiBro Specification WiBro Specification Standards
IEEE e Mobile WiMAX / WiBro support
IEEE & IEEE e-2005
PHY IOT Profiles
TDD, 8.75Mhz BandWith, OFDMA
MIMO(2X1)
MISO( 2 Receiver and single Transmitter) and H-ARQ
RX Diversity Support for Mobile WiMAX / WiBro
Frequency
2.3GHz ~ 2.4 GHz
Max. Throughput
Downlink : 10 Mbps (max)
Uplink : 4 Mbps (max)
Host Interface
Interface
USB2.0 High Speed or 4-Bit mode SDIO Interface
Connector
Board to Board 60Pin connector 54

55. Outlook of IP-USN Router

56. Block Diagram of IP-USN Router

57. WiBro 다이어그램

58. PCB Layout of IP-Router
WiBro Module Block
Ethernet Block
WiFi Block
IP-USN Block
WiBro UISM Slot
MPU Block

59. Service discovery with SLP(Service Location Protocol)

60. SLP-based Service discovery
Pervasiveness
Time
Static Discovery Service
- X.500, LDAP
Discovery in LAN
- JINI, UPnP, SLP, Salutation
Discovery in Large-scale network
- Structured Architecture (e.g. DHT)
Context-aware Discovery
- Context-based ranking
Semantic Discovery
- Semantic representation & Matching
Discovery in ad-hoc Network
- Mobility, Minimizing cost

61. 1: Web Services Architecture
Contents
Standardization of Wireless Sensor Networks
IETF, SP100, WirelessHART, ZigBee, IEEE 802
Overview IP-USN Research and Development