1. Presented by Meenu Chopra PGT Geography KV, 2 Ambala Cantt. HUMAN SETTLEMENT

2. A human settlement is defined as a place inhabited more or less permanently. HUMAN SETTLEMENT

3. Classification of settlements Based on residence- Based on residence- Rural Rural Urban Urban Urban- main occupation –secondary, tertiary Urban- main occupation –secondary, tertiary Rural -main occupation-primary Rural -main occupation-primary

4. RURAL SETTLEMENT Types of settlement by shape COMPACT/NUCLEATED SETTLEMENT These settlement are those in which large no of houses are built very close to each other These settlement are those in which large no of houses are built very close to each other Such settlements develop along river valleys and in fertile plains Such settlements develop along river valleys and in fertile plains Communities are closely knit and share common occupations Communities are closely knit and share common occupations DISPERSED SETTLEMENT Houses are spaced far apart and often interspersed with fields. Houses are spaced far apart and often interspersed with fields. Found in hills, plateaus and highlands Found in hills, plateaus and highlands A cultural feature such as a place of worship or market binds the settlement together A cultural feature such as a place of worship or market binds the settlement together

5. COMPACT SETTLEMENT

6. DISPERSED SETTLEMENT

7. FACTORS AFFECTING LOCATION OF SETTLEMENT

8. 1 WATER SUPPLY Settlements are located near water bodies such as rivers, lakes and springs Advantages of water based(wet point settlement)  Water for cooking, drinking, washing  Water for irrigation of farm land  Fish can be caught for diet  Navigable river/lakes used for transportation.

9. 2LAND Located near fertile lands suitable for agriculture

10. 3UPLAND  Uplands not prone to flooding was chosen to prevent damage to houses and loss of life  In low lying river basins people settle on terraces and levees (dry points)  In tropical countries houses on stilts in marshy lands(protect from flood, insects animal pests)

11. 4 BUILDING MATERIAL  Availability of building material- wood, stone is a advantage  Early villages built in forest clearings(plenty of wood)  Loess areas of china-cave dwellings  African savanna-mud bricks  Eskimos(polar region)-ice blocks- igloos

12. 5DEFENCE Villages built of defensive hills and islands Eg. Nigeria-upstanding inselbergs formed good defensive sites

13. 6 PLANNED SETTLEMENT Not chosen by villagers, constructed by governments EXAMPLES 1. Scheme in villagisation in Ethiopia 2.canal colonies in Indira Gandhi canal command area in India. 1. Scheme in villagisation in Ethiopia 2.canal colonies in Indira Gandhi canal command area in India.

14. Rural settlement classification On the basis of setting Plain villages Plain villages Plateau villages Plateau villages Coastal villages Coastal villages Forest villages Forest villages Desert villages Desert villages

15. On the basis of function Farming villages Farming villages Fishermen’s villages Fishermen’s villages Lumberjack villages Lumberjack villages Pastoral villages Pastoral villages

16. On the basis of forms/shapes of the settlement Linear pattern- houses located along a road, railway line, river, canal, edge of a valley or along a levee. Linear pattern- houses located along a road, railway line, river, canal, edge of a valley or along a levee.

17. Rectangular pattern found in plain areas or wide intermontane valleys.roads are rectangular and cut each other at right angles found in plain areas or wide intermontane valleys.roads are rectangular and cut each other at right angles

18. Circular pattern Develop around lakes, tanks in villages or central part open for keeping animals to protect them from wild animals Develop around lakes, tanks in villages or central part open for keeping animals to protect them from wild animals

19. T shaped develop at tri junctions of roads develop at tri junctions of roads

20. Y shaped two roads converge on the third one two roads converge on the third one

21. Cross shaped/cruciform develop on cross roads and houses extend in all the four direction. develop on cross roads and houses extend in all the four direction.

22. Double village settlements extend on both sides of a river where there is a bridge or ferry settlements extend on both sides of a river where there is a bridge or ferry

23. Star like pattern- where several roads converge-houses built along roads

24. Problems of rural settlement Supply of water not adequate Supply of water not adequate General absence of toilet and garbage disposal facilities General absence of toilet and garbage disposal facilities Houses made of mud, wood and thatch susceptible to damage during heavy rains and floods Houses made of mud, wood and thatch susceptible to damage during heavy rains and floods Most house designs are typically deficient in proper ventilation Most house designs are typically deficient in proper ventilation Design of house includes the animal shed along with its fodder store within it Design of house includes the animal shed along with its fodder store within it Unmetalled roads and lack of modern communication network Unmetalled roads and lack of modern communication network Inadequate health and educational infrastructure Inadequate health and educational infrastructure

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