3.  Organelles do the work of cells  each structure has a job to do keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive Model Animal Cell They’re like mini-organs!

4.  Function  ________________ center of cell  ________________ DNA instructions for building proteins  Structure  nuclear ____________  nucleolus ________________ factory  chromosomes ________________

5.  Determines __________ of cell.  Nuclear DNA is the hereditary blueprint and is attached to proteins, forming long fibers of chromatin. chromosomes  During reproduction, chromatin coils up into structures called chromosomes. double membrane perforated with pores through which materials enter and leave the nucleus.  Enclosing the nucleus is a nuclear membrane which is a double membrane perforated with pores through which materials enter and leave the nucleus.  The ________________ consists of parts of chromatin DNA combined with RNA and proteins and is where ribosomes are made

7. Ribosomes on ER  Function  __________ factories  read instructions to build proteins from DNA  Structure  some free in __________  some attached to __________

8. RNA (rRNA)  Ribosomes are composed of ________________ RNA (rRNA) and ribosomal proteins (known as a Ribonucleoprotein or RNP) messenger RNA (mRNA)  It translates messenger RNA (mRNA) into a polypeptide chain (e.g., a protein) 1 subunitand 1 subunit protein synthesis  Ribosomes consist of 1 ________________ subunit and 1 ________________ subunit and both work as one to translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis ribosomes  build proteins

9.  Function  works on _____________  helps complete the proteins after ribosome builds them  makes _____________  Structure  _____________ ER ribosomes attached works on proteins  _____________ ER makes membranes

10.  “Rough”  “Rough” refers to the appearance of ________________ over the surface of the organelle giving it a bumpy or “rough” appearance. make  Network of interconnected flattened sacs with two main functions. One is to ________________ and the second is to make ________________ that are secreted by the cell. transport vesicle  Ribosomes of R.E.R. synthesize the antibody’s polypeptides, which assemble into functional proteins inside the E.R. that are exported from the ER via a tiny sac called a transport vesicle. This takes the protein to where it will carry out its function in the cell.

11. ribosomes  Continuous with the R.E.R. and is an interconnected network of tubules that ___________ ribosomes  Contains ___________ in its membrane. synthesize  Actively works to synthesize ___________, including fatty acids, phospholipids, and steroids.  Each product is made of a particular kind of cell (SER in cells of ovaries and testis synthesize the steroid sex hormones.)  SER in liver is more extensive as it is a huge regulatory site for metabolism in the bodily system (regulation of blood sugar in the system and regulation of harmful chemicals from drugs and other substances)  As the amount of drug increases in the system, more SER is created to metabolize it and thus a larger dose is required to achieve a similar effect, such as sedation. Leads to tolerance of drugs and foreign substances.

13.  _______________, _______________, and _______________ cell products which are mainly proteins  Named after Italian physician Camillo Golgi  Is a stack of _______________ ___________ called cisternae formed of membranes that are not interconnected  Size and layers of Golgi apparatus depends on how active the cell is in secreting proteins  Performs several functions in close partnership with the SER by receiving and modifying substances created by the ER

14. __________ face  One side of it serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles and is referred to as the __________ face  Takes _______ materials and modifies them chemically _________ face ______________ and _________________ molecules  Other side of Golgi is the shipping center and is referred to as the _________ face and functions to ‘______________ and _________________’ molecules into different batches for different destinations  When modification is finished, transport vesicles are created for exporting these chemicals out of the plasma membrane or another organelle, such as a lysosome

16.  Function  food used to make energy  & recycle digest broken organelles  Structure  membrane sac of digestive enzymes  Also known as a “_________________________”

17.  Produced by the _______________ and the _________________________  Consist of digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes enclosed in a membranous sac.  Process: R.E.R. puts enzymes and membranes together, Golgi apparatus chemically refines enzymes and releases mature lysosomes.  Demonstrates the main theme of _________________________.  Lysosomal membrane encloses a compartment where digestive enzymes are stored safely isolated form the rest of the cytoplasm (similar to stomach lining and HCl acid content.)

18.  Lysosomes are the cells' garbage disposal system. After the bacterium is enclosed in a vacuole, vesicles containing lysosomal enzymes (sometimes called primary lysosomes) fuse with it. The pH becomes more acidic and this activates the enzymes. The vacuole thus becomes a secondary lysosome and degrades the bacterium.  Lysosomes also degrade worn out organelles such as mitochondria

19.  Lysosomes have several types of digestive functions: 1. Fuse with food vacuoles to release molecules such as amino acids for example and leave the lysosome to be reused by the cell 2. Help destroy harmful bacteria (breakdown the bacterial wall inside of white blood cells), serve as recycling centers for damaged organelles (digests parts of organelles and making its molecules available for construction of new organelles), 3. Works in embryonic development to destroy the webbing that joins the fingers of human embryos  If lysosomes lack enzymes to digest particular molecules or organelles, it can lead to very fatal complications (Tay-Sachs disease ravage the nervous system by not being able to digest lipids and they build in excess in the brain and cause major brain damage)

20. 15 weeks 6 weeks

22.  Peroxisomes may resemble a lysosome, however, they are not formed in the Golgi complex.  They bud off from the ER and are self replicating rid the body of toxic Peroxisomes in the liver function to rid the body of toxic substances such as fatty acids, hydrogen peroxide, purines lipids myelin  Perosixomes also participates in the synthesis of cholesterol, bile acids, lipids used to make myelin. Peroxisomes in plant cells participate is such functions as  symbiotic nitrogen fixation

24.  Function  moving material around cell  storage  Structure  membrane sac small food particle vesicle vacuole filled w/ digestive enzymes vesicle filled w/ digested nutrients

25. plant cell contractile vacuole animal cells central vacuole food vacuole

26.  Function in general cell ____________________  Membranous sacs that come in different shapes and sizes and have a variety of functions. Plants have large vacuoles and may help cell grow by absorbing water. They also may store chemicals or waste products for metabolism-pigments that attract pollinators, as well as poisons that protect against plant-eating animals.  The control of water concentration in a cell is a major function. Paramecium [single celled water dwelling organism] have two contractile vacuoles that take in water and contract frequently to regulate the concentration of water in the cell to prevent the cell from being too dilute and eventually bursting.

27. lysosome  food digestion  garbage disposal & recycling cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals cytoplasm  jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles  transport inside cells  storage

28.  Making more cells  to replace, repair & grow, the cell must… copy their DNA make extra organelles divide the new DNA & new organelles between 2 new “daughter” cells  organelles that do this work… nucleus centrioles

29.  Function  help __________ cell division only in __________ cells  Structure  __________ pair in each cell