1. Planning the infrastructure for marine monitoring and operational oceanography Lennart Funkquist Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute Figures are taken from a new SMHI report: Karlson B., P. Axe, L. Funkquist, S. Kaitala and K. Sørensen (2009). Infrastructure for marine monitoring and operational oceanography, Reports Oceanography No. 39, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. Abingdon,11-13 March 2009

2. Swedish Coastal Waters some areal facts Economical zone is about 155 000 km² Territorial water amounts to about 82 000 km² European Water Framework Directive (WFD) only contains about 36 000 km² But the whole Skagerrak, Kattegat and Baltic Sea may be regarded as coastal waters The length of the Swedish coastline is 11 500 or 32 000 km depending on definition About 100 000 islands Abingdon,11-13 March 2009

3. Marine environmental monitoring National goals - 16 environmental goals International conventions - HELCOM - OSPAR - EU Water Framework Directory - EU INSPIRE directory - EU Marine Strategy Framework Directory - EU Shellfish Hygiene Directive - EU Shellfish Water Directive - IMO Ballast water convention Abingdon,11-13 March 2009

4. Horizontal patchiness Problems in marine monitoring Abingdon,11-13 March 2009 Cyanobacteria 31 July 2008 MERIS MODIS Coccolithophorid 31 May 2004

5. Example of influence of sampling frequency FerryBox vs Argos data Temporal patchiness Problems in marine monitoring Vertical patchiness Central Skagerrak 2003 2004 2007 Kattegat 1998 Abingdon,11-13 March 2009

6. Requirements from operational oceanography Real time Buoys Satellites Ships Hindcast Satellite products Analysed FerryBox data Expedition data Validation Available data sets Abingdon,11-13 March 2009

7. What do we have today ?

8. Existing Swedish long term monitoring stations for pelagic biology Most stations are visited 12 times per year A few of them 24 times per year Ship-based monitoring Abingdon,11-13 March 2009

9. Existing Swedish real-time buoys for physical parameters Three wave buoys with SST sensor Two profiling systems One test system Abingdon,11-13 March 2009 N.B. Not shown are the three German buoys in SW Baltic

10. Chl-a in Skagerrak from FerryBox and MERIS in Feb 2008. Remote sensing Abingdon,11-13 March 2009

11. FerryBox lines FerryBox lines, existing and proposed Abingdon,11-13 March 2009

12. Comparison Ferrybox data with satellite data and in situ data 17 March 2007 Station BY1 in SW Baltic in 2006 FerryBox between Norway and Denmark Abingdon,11-13 March 2009

13. Comparison between FerryBox data and ship data in Skagerrakk Abingdon,11-13 March 2009

14. What do we propose ?

15. Existing and planned FerryBox lines in the Baltic Sea Abingdon,11-13 March 2009 New FerryBox lines

16. Existing and proposed FerryBox lines Abingdon,11-13 March 2009

17. Also shown is the Estonian mooring outside Tallinn. Existing and proposed Swedish moorings Abingdon,11-13 March 2009 One mooring in each main sub-basin of the Baltic for data assimilation and climate time series N.B. Not shown are the three German buoys in SW Baltic

18. Existing (red) and proposed (blue) network of observations in the Baltic Sea (left) and the transition area (right) ODON project – a way to optimize the observational network Abingdon,11-13 March 2009

19. Proposed coastal moorings Division of the coast into different water types Abingdon,11-13 March 2009 New type of communication

20. Examples -Waverider with SST -Oceanor buoy -Måseskär buoy -Winch based buoys US -Italian winch type -Piles Different type of buoys Abingdon,11-13 March 2009

21. Fine-resolution (60m) operational local models A fjord in Skagerrak Abingdon,11-13 March 2009

22. Enironmental status indicators Physical Exchanges Input State Chemical Nutrients (input, fluxes, status, consumption) Oil spill Acidification Oxygen Biological Production Proposed ”new” indicators - a few examples Basin wide indicators –Indicators for acidification –Spring bloom index –Changes in plankton community structure –Physical climate indicators Indicators for specific areas - Transport between basins - Inflow of water to the deep basins of the Baltic Proper Abingdon,11-13 March 2009

23. Proposed ”new” indicators - a few examples Basin wide indicators –Indicators for acidification –Spring bloom index –Changes in plankton community structure –Physical climate indicators Indicators for specific areas - Transport between basins - Inflow of water to the deep basins of the Baltic Proper Abingdon,11-13 March 2009

24. Logistics –Establish co-operation between Swedish partners –Establish a national data host function for near real time oceanographic data –Establish a national function for purchasing and servicing of buoys etc. –Use new platforms such as wind mill parks as measurement platforms –The Water authorities could be responsible for coastal buoys –SMHI should be the leading partner in a consortium operating FerryBoxes and off shore buoys Abingdon,11-13 March 2009