2. Genetics Introduction

3. GREGOR MENDAL: THE FATHER OF GENETICS AT 21 YEARS OLD HE JOINED THE MONASTARY IN BRUNN, AUSTRIA HIS JOB WAS TO TEND TO THE GARDEN IN 1851, HE ENTERED THE UNIV. OF VIENNA TO STUDY SCIENCE & MATH. IN MATH HE LEARNED THE SUBJECT OF STATISTICS

4. STATISTICS HELPED W/HIS DISCOVERY OF HEREDITY: – THE TRANSMISSION OF CHARACTERISTICS FROM PARENTS TO OFFSPRING. MENDAL LATER RETURNED TO THE MONASTERY AND TAUGHT HIGH SCHOOL AND KEPT HIS GARDEN GOING. HE STUDIED MANY TYPES OF PLANTS BUT HE IS MOST FAMOUS FOR...

5. PISUM SATIVUM, AKA: – GARDEN PEAS! OBSERVATION OF 7 CHARACT. OF PEAS: – EACH OCCURRED IN 2 CONTRASTING TRAITS) STATISTICS USING STATISTICS MENDAL ANALYZED THE DIFFERENCES HE OBSERVED! 1920s. This shows a close up of the garden area. It is precisely here that Mendel grew his peas.

6. 1. PLANT HEIGHT--LONG/SHORT 2. FLOWER POSITION ALONG STEM--AXIAL OR TERMINAL 3. POD COLOR--GREEN/YELLOW 4. POD APPEARANCE--INFLATED/ CONSTRICTED 5. FLOWER COLOR--PURPLE/WHITE 6. SEED TEXTURE--SMOOTH/WRINKLED 7. SEED COLOR--GREEN/YELLOW PLANT CHARACTERISTICS

7. HIS OBSERVATIONS: FLOWER COLOR : – PURPLE-FLOWERS  PURPLE FLOWER – PURPLE-FLOWER  WHITE-FLOWERING PLANT HEIGHT: – TALL PLANT SEEDS--> TALL PLANTS – TALL PLANT SEEDS--> SHORT PLANTS

8. WHY WHY DO YOU THINK THIS HAPPENED?

9. ANTHER: MALE REPRODUCTIVE PART STIGMA: FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE PART FLOWER ANATOMY

10. MENDEL’S METHODS HE CONTROLLED THE EXPERIMENT BY CHOOSING HOW THE PLANTS WERE POLLINATED. POLLINATION: – POLLEN GRAINS FROM ANTHER TRANSFERRED TO STIGMA

11. P generation: Parents F1 generation: Offspring F2 generation: Offspring of the F1 generation Alleles

12. DOMINANT & RECESSIVE Dominant trait: The trait seen or observed Recessive trait: The masked or hidden trait

13. PUNNETT SQUARE TOOL USED TO PREDICT THE PROBABILITY OF A GENETIC CROSS. CAPITAL LETTER “A” REPRESENTS DOMINANT ALLELE Allele: Variation of a Gene – Gene: Eye colorAlleles: Brown, Blue, Hazel LOWERCASE LETTER “a” REPRESENTS recessive ALLELE

14. Important Terms Genotype: The genetic blueprint or what the letter (allele) represents. Letter combinations – Examples: TT, Tt, tt Phenotype: How an allele looks; the physical appearance – Examples: Tall and short

15. Important Terms Homozygous: An organism with two alike alleles. Homo. Dominant 2 Capital letters Ex. ZZ, BB, FF Homozygous Recessive 2 lower case letters Ex. tt, bb, gg Heterozygous: An organism with two different alleles for a trait. Heterozygous Dominant: One capital letter and one lower case Ex. Gg, Hh, Zz

16. Punnett Square Examples

18. PUNNETT SQUARE EXAMPLES