1. ‘How to be an outstanding graduate student’ Seminar Series Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry Department & Engineering & Computer Science Library November 2010 Library research for chemical engineering graduate students

2. Session outline The lit review Major search tools Finding review articles, using citation searching Alerting services The patent literature

3. Literature review convey to reader knowledge and ideas established on a topic what their strengths and weaknesses are identify areas of controversy in the literature formulate questions that need further research be organized around and related directly to the thesis or research question you are developing synthesize results into a summary of what is and is not known Summarized from The Literature Review: A Few Tips On Conducting It Written by Dena Taylor, Health Sciences Writing Centre http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/specific-types-of-writing/literature-review

4. work hierarchically use short general sources at first work your way towards primary references if needed: start with encyclopedia articles, books then move to  review articles  primary articles  theses  perhaps: other materials such as patent literature

5. chem eng research guide

6. Major databases Scifinder Scholar aka Chemical Abstracts Scopus Web of Science aka Science Citation Index  Find articles, work with citation tracking  Any science topic – multidisciplinary Compendex aka Engineering Index Scholars Portal Search  Interdisciplinary: sciences, social sciences, humanities  Very large: includes many major engineering databases Dissertations & Theses Full Text

7. CA Plus journals, tech reports, patents Medline biomedical citations CASReact multi-step reactions database Structure includes biosequences Registry regulated chemicals CHEMCat commercial suppliers & commercially available chemicals SciFinder Scholar is actually a collection of databases:

8. SciFinder: Uses ‘natural’ language searching I am looking for the effect of aspirin on blood clotting  separate key concepts with prepositions  prepositions are translated into the boolean NEAR aspirin on blood clotting is better than aspirin blood clotting  if only a space separates words, the system will consider the words to be part of a phrase

9. Use nouns aspirin on blood clot is better than aspirin on blood clotting  use nouns (rather than adjectives) for key concepts as much as possible  helps with automatic truncation and finding synonyms Synonyms aspirin (salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid) on blood clot  separate synonyms with commas  parentheses are translated into the Boolean OR

10. Put molecular formula into a Logical Order e.g., Hill Order What is Hill Order? -Carbon first -Hydrogen second -all remaining elements in alphabetical order C2 H3 F3 O (2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanol) If SciFinder cannot interpret the formula, you will get a message asking you to add capitalization and/or spaces To search multicomponent substances, separate each component with a period

11. searching authors in scifinder type a surname and initial select all possible forms of a name

12. Scifinder access available as web version and client-server web version works off and on campus register individually from a computer with a valid U of T IP address via the Scifinder Scholar registration page must use a utoronto.ca email address to register log on from any PC but connect via the UofT Library site Access between 11 am and 6pm may be difficult since only 6 seats are available concurrently try again in 5 minutes or use Scifinder in the evening instead

13. Scholars Portal Search large interdisciplinary collection with many databases useful in chem eng:  Environmental Sciences & Pollution Management  Medline  Biotechnology & Bioengineering Abstracts  Compendex  Web of Science  METADEX (materials science)Advantages -search many platforms at once -simple identification of refereed articles

14. Scholars Portal Search - break down question into concepts - use keywords plus synonyms & related terms - wildcards to broaden your search Concept #1groundwater subsurface water Concept #2remediationbioremediat* amelioration Concept #3mercuryheavy metal*

16. Use boolean ‘and’ rather than multiple boxes

18. Use truncation symbol * to improve search results

19. Test your knowledge quiz Choose all that apply…

20. 1. Which of the following are considered primary publications? Blue - An article in Journal of the American Chemical Society on the novel use of a chemical Orange - The patent on the drug later tradenamed Lipitor Pink - A UofT's graduate student's doctoral dissertation Green – None of the above

21. 2. Which of the following would be a good database to find patents? Blue - PubMed Orange - Compendex Pink - Business Source Premier Green - SciFinder Scholar

22. 3. If you performed a search by substance identifier for the drug Plendil in SciFinder Scholar, what types of information would likely be available? Blue - CAS Registry Number, alternate names and molecular formula Orange - Commercial availability info Pink - An experimental melting point Green – None of the above

23. 4. SciFinder Scholar approaches keyword searching very differently than most other indexing databases. What are some of the key distinctions between SFS and other scientific indexes? Blue - Multi-term queries in SFS are supposed to be expressed in natural language phrases Orange - SFS searches "research topic" terms in the document title, abstract and subject headings Pink - SFS has no way to allow entry of synonyms for search terms, while other databases let you string synonyms together using the Boolean operator OR Green - None of the above

24. 5. Which of the following entries is the most efficient way to search for hydrolysis or alcoholysis of lactams in SciFinder? Blue - Alcoholysis OR hydrolysis of lactams Orange - Lactams AND (hydrolysis or alcoholysis) Pink - Lactams (hydrolysis, alcoholysis) Green - Hydrolysis (alcoholysis) of lactams

25. 6. Web of Science has been described as "not the first place to go for any search, but the second place to go for almost every search". Which of the following are logical reasons to support that? Blue - Its chronological coverage is very shallow Orange - It has detailed subject indexing Pink - It covers only the top journals in each field Green - Its citation indexing features make it powerful for building a search from one or more good references

26. Gaining context, comprehensiveness: some strategies Use journal databases, but limit to review articles  experts identify significant literature, authors  reveal gaps in existing body of research  identify controversies quickly

27. Finding review articles using Web of Science – use the Advanced Search

28. comprehensive review: -many aspects of topic covered, Including applications -huge reference list -article divided into mini-chapters for easy use

29. Finding review articles using Compendex

30. Finding review articles: some other strategies look for titles such as… Advances in chemical engineering Reviews in chemical engineering Annual reviews of industrial engineering chemistry Progress in colloid & interface science

31. Gaining context, comprehensiveness: some strategies 1. Use citation databases identify significant authors, significant papers by the number of times they have been cited

32. Get the most out of significant papers explore their: Cited lists related articles reference lists

33. Using citation databases Ancestors  aka footnote tracing  Use reference lists from review articles Problem: author bias magnified therefore, use in addition to other general search methods Descendents  Take most relevant articles  Follow them forward in time

34. Scopus – times cited

35. Web of Science – times cited

36. Be aware of other possible problems with citation searching  Famous papers widely accepted therefore may not be cited as much  Important papers not written in English not cited in English literature  High cites may not measure QUALITY of a study, but may measure INFLUENCE

37. Reaxys Can be used to find references to reactions or properties of chemical compounds Can search by name or drawing of structure Search reactions, substances & properties, text authors & citations

40. Practice exercise: article databases

41. Gaining context, comprehensiveness: some strategies 3. Use thesis/dissertation databases  who has been doing what?  get a fairly complete picture quickly

42. Dissertations & Theses Fulltext international coverage -search by school, advisor, author, or by keyword

43. Staying current: alerting services mail alerts are sent after every database update Sent if the update contains any new records that match your saved query

44. Save as Alert is found on the Search History page.

45. Login or create a password.

46. Citation alert

47. Web of Science has a similar citation alert.

48. patents

49. A patent is “a right, granted by government, to exclude others from making, using, or selling your invention in Canada.” Applicable for a pre-determined amount of time Source: Canadian Intellectual Property Office retrieved November 23, 2010 from http://www.cipo.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cipointernet- internetopic.nsf/eng/h_wr00001.html

50. What makes something patentable? NOVEL -not yet available or disclosed to the public INVENTIVE -is not readily apparent to a person skilled in the technical field on basis of generally available information -reproducible USEFUL -must work! - has a useful function Source: Canadian intellectual Property Office. Retrieved November 23, 2010 from http://www.cipo.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cipointernet-internetopic.nsf/eng/wr01402.html

51. What can be patented? Art, processes, machines, manufactures or composition of matter any new and useful improvement to the above Source: Canadian intellectual Property Office. Retrieved November 23, 2010 from http://www.cipo.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cipointernet-internetopic.nsf/eng/wr01402.html

52. Why use them? Rich content  70% of information contained in patents not available elsewhere  when a catalogue or an article describes a product in a few lines, the corresponding patent often consists of 20 pages Source: Introduction to esp@cenet. Retrieved February 21, 2005 from http://ep.espacenet.comhttp://ep.espacenet.com

53. Why use them? Very up-to-date  companies generally file patent applications at the earliest possible stage  normally published 18 months after their first filing date

54. Patents across borders Patents do not cross national boundaries harmonization of international patent laws is progressing rapidly but at the moment each country grants its own patents based on its own standards

55. USPTO United States Patent & Trademark Office http://www.uspto.gov most US patents from 1790-present for keyword or author searches of older patents, better to go to esp@cenetesp@cenet

56. USPTO: types of patents Utility what most people think of as an invention; for example, a machine or process e.g., 5594818 Design granted on the appearance of something e.g., D277050 Plant invention or discovery and asexually reproduction of any distinct and new variety of plant e.g., PP13845 Source: Wherry, Timothy Lee. Patent Searching for Librarians and Inventors. Chicago: American Library Association, 1995. p. 12

57. USPTO: patents vs applications patent number: given after patent is accepted and granted by the USPTO application number: file number the USPTO gives to a submitted application

58. claims the ‘effective’ part of a patent precise description of the invention list all essential features

59. Owner vs inventor Assignee (US) or Owner (Canada)  the person or company to whom the patentee has given rights to the invention Inventor (US and Canada)  person who is named as the inventor of a patent

61. patent searching: ‘about-ness’ Patents are……..  legally binding descriptions  technical disclosures Therefore… Best to look for concepts vs mere word match

62. A spade is a spade is … not always a spade? in patent language: substantially planar earth moving implement with coaxial leveraging means!

63. Searching USPTO: one method keyword search 1. locate one good patent 2. look at US class/subclass listing to find more patents on same subject

65. Searching USPTO: another method use the Index to the U.S. Patent Classification System

66. Canadian Patents: Canadian Intellectual Property Office http://brevets-patents.ic.gc.ca/opic- cipo/cpd/eng/introduction.html  a Canadian patent is effective only in Canada  contains patent documents from 1869 to the present  some idiosyncrasies with searching - check database for more information

69. Finding patents in Scifinder Scholar search by subject keyword, then limit to patents patent concordance  lists patent number by issuing country and corresponding patent number in other countries

71. European and worldwide patents: esp@cnet esp@cnet http://ep.espacenet.com patent information worldwide; divided into various databases European Patent Office database most recent 24 months of applications from the European Patent Office

72. European and worldwide patents: esp@cnet esp@cnet Worldwide Patents database  Older patents  full collection of the EPO plus patent information from approximately 50 countries including Japan Japanese Patents database Many national patent offices have individual web patent databases

73. Test your knowledge quiz – part 2

74. 7. Which of the following can NOT be patented: Blue - Chemical compounds Orange - Machines Pink - A law of nature Green - Alloys

75. 8. Which of the following is NOT required for patentability? Blue - Novelty Orange – Aesthetically pleasing Pink - Usefulness Green – Inventive

76. 9. What is the term for a patent in Canada? Blue – 15 years from the date of approval Orange – life of the inventor plus 50 years Pink – 20 years from the date of filing Green – 18 years from the date of filing

77. engineering.library@utoronto.ca 416-978-6578 http://engineering.library.utoronto.ca Reference Desk Chat reference – AskON