1. Promoting Healthy Physiologic Responses Safety Concepts of Nursing NUR 212

2. Safety Culture  Safety is a functional concern of nurses from the bedside to the home and community.  Excellent nursing care is safe for both the clients receiving the care, and the workers involved in the delivery of health care.

3. Factors Affecting Client Safety 1. Age: Fetus: maternal exposure e.g. drugs and smoking Infants: falling, suffocation, burns. Poisoning, and electrical shock Toddlers: falling, sharp object injury, automobile accident, poisoning, electrical shock Preschooler: injuries, suffocation, poisoning, burn, automobile accidents Adolescent: Vehicle accident, Suicide, sport injuries, substance abuse Adults: accidents (occupational or vehicle), fire burns, suicide Elderly: falling, burns, automobile accidents

4. Factors Affecting Client Safety 2. Lifestyle: Unsafe work environment Residence with high crime rates Low income 3. Sensory and Perceptual Alterations: problem in senses 4. Mobility and health status: paralysis, patient after surgery 5. Emotional State: stress, or depressed 6. Cognitive awareness: unconscious, under narcotic 7. Ability to communicate: unable to read, speak

5. International Patient safety Goals 1.Correct Patient Identification. 2.Improve the effectiveness of communication. 3.Improve the safety of medication administration. 4.Reduce the risk of health care-associated infections. 5.Reduce the risk of patient harm resulting from falls. 6.Reduce the risk of surgical fires. 7.Prevent health care-associated pressure ulcers.

6. Focus of Safety Assessments  The individual  The environment  Specific risk factors Falls Fires Poisoning Suffocation and choking Firearm injuries

7. Potential Occupational Hazards  Chemical and biological exposures  Physical exposures (lasers, radiation, noise)  Psychosocial stressors (shift work, threat of workplace violence)  Ergonomic stressors (lifting and moving clients)

8. Potential Occupational Hazards  Routes of Exposure Methods by which chemical and biological substances are assimilated into the body: -Inhalation -Ingestion -Injection -Skin contact -Skin absorption

9.  Latex Allergy Irritant contact dermatitis Allergic contact dermatitis  Hand Hygiene Any dermatitis should be promptly reported to Employee Health. Barrier creams or special soaps are available. Strict guidelines on nail care and nail coverings should be implemented and followed.

10. Factors that Contribute to Falls  Age >65  History of falls  Impaired vision or balance  Altered gait or posture, impaired mobility  Postural hypotension  Confusion or disorientation  Unfamiliar environment

11. Nursing Diagnosis  Risk for Injury Risk for Suffocation: inadequate air available for inhalation Risk for Poisoning Risk for Trauma: wound, burn, fracture Risk for Aspiration: Entry of solids, liquids, into airway passages Risk for Disuse Syndrome: e.g. musculoskeletal inactivity Latex Allergy Response: hypersensitivity to the natural latex

12. Nursing Diagnosis  Risk for Infection Related to Invasive procedures Trauma Rupture of amniotic membranes Insufficient knowledge to avoid exposure to pathogens

13. Outcome Identification and Planning  Identification of actual or potential hazards  Reduction of the risk of injury and infection  Client/caregiver education regarding safety measures and modification of an unsafe environment

14. Implementation  Raise Safety Awareness and Knowledge  Bed Safety  Prevent Falls Apply restraints Ensure adequate lighting Remove obstacles

15. 33-15 Implementation  Types of physical restraints A.Jacket B.Belt C.Mitten or Hand D.Elbow E.Limb or Extremity F.Mummy

16. Implementation  Reduce Bathroom Hazards  Prevent Fire Common causes of fire Fire prevention Protection of clients during a fire Institutional policies and procedures for fire containment and evacuation

17. Implementation  Ensure safe operation of electrical equipment. Three-pronged electrical plug that is grounded Warning labels on all equipment Electrical shock

18. Implementation  Reduce exposure to radiation. Both the client and the nurse are at risk for injury. Radiation injury can occur from overexposure or exposure to radioactive materials. General principles of radiation exposure and protection are based on time, distance, and using the shielding such as lead aprons

19. Implementation  Prevent poisoning. A poison is any substance that causes an alteration in the client’s health when inhaled, injected, ingested, or absorbed by the body. Antidotes and treatments are available for some but not all types of poisonings. Client education

20. Implementation  Reduce Noise Pollution Sensory overload can alter a client’s recovery by increasing anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations, and depression. Levels of 85-95 decibels for several hours can lead to progressive hearing loss. Safety measures include maintaining a quiet environment, traffic control, and providing earplugs.