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ACCORDING TO TRADITION, OUR LORD PROMISED ST. GERTRUDE THAT 1000 SOULS WOULD BE RELEASED FROM PURGATORY EACH TIME IT IS SAID DEVOUTLY. Eternal Father, I offer Thee the Most Precious Blood of Thy Divine Son, Jesus, in union with the masses said throughout the world today, for all the holy souls in purgatory, for sinners everywhere, for sinners in the universal church, those in my own home and within my family. Amen.
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A gathering of the bishops of the world to discuss concerns facing the worldwide Church __ Councils in Total (Nicaea – Vatican II)
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Major Players St. Athanasius? Arius St. Nicholas** Emperor Constantine Pope St. Sylvester I – not directly involved Nicaea 325 AD (Modern day Turkey)
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Arius, a priest from Alexandria Taught that Jesus was created by God, and so is God only through grace and adoption. Like Hercules, a hybrid between God and man Arius Taught: “There was a time when he [Jesus] was not” God
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Nearly all of the East had accepted Arius’ position. Constantine pushed for a General Council at Nicaea to promote unity in the Empire. Bishops came from entire Christian world
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The Arians wanted to say that the Son was homoiousios Homo–iousia – of similar substances The Council stated that the Son was homoousios Homo–ousia – of the same substance an iota “i” of difference
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All but 2 bishops signed the Nicene Creed. The Nicene Creed: Who Christ is The essentials of the Christian Faith Christ is of like substance with the Father (“one in being with the Father”) (“consubstantial with the Father”) The consecration of a new bishop requires at least 3 other bishops
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Tradition says St. Nicholas slapped Arius when he confronted him He would be stripped of his title “Bishop” and removed from the council Legend holds that both the Virgin Mary and Jesus visited him that night in jail, asking him why he was behind bars. "Because of my love for you," was the reply.
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An Arian bishop was about to receive Arius back to full communion with the Church despite teaching contrary to the Church… Arius died on the night before this was to occur Legend says that he farted and his bowels came out
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Major Players St. Gregory Nazianzen (future bishop of Constantinople) Emperor Theodosius Pope St. Damasus I (not in attendance) Major Problems Macedonianism Arianism (semi-Arianism)
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Macedonianism = Denied that the Holy Spirit is God. Which Church Fathers wrote extensively on the Holy Spirit? Sts. Basil the Great and Gregory Nazianzus
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Validly ordain an orthodox bishop for the patriarchal See of Constantinople Confirm the Nicene Creed Reconcile the semi-Arians with the Church Put an end to the Macedonian heresy
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Extended and confirmed the Nicene Creed Same as what we pray at Mass on Sundays Condemned Macedonian denial of the divinity of the Holy Spirit See the “new & improved” Nicene Creed Confirmed Gregory Nazianzen as bishop of Constantinople and re-instated all bishops exiled by Arians Made See (Archdiocese) of Constantinople as second in primacy to Rome
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NICENE CREEDCONSTANTINOPOLITAN CREED We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of all things visible and invisible and in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, begotten of the Father [the only-begotten; that is, of the essence of the Father, God of God], Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father; by whom all things were made [both in heaven and on earth]; who for us men, and for our salvation, came down and was incarnate and was made man; He suffered, and the third day he rose again, ascended into heaven; from thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead. And in the Holy Ghost. [But those who say: 'There was a time when he was not;' and 'He was not before he was made;' and 'He was made out of nothing,' or 'He is of another substance' or 'essence,' or 'The Son of God is created,' or 'changeable,' or 'alterable'—they are condemned by the holy catholic and apostolic Church.] We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible. And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all worlds (æons), Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father; by whom all things were made; who for us men, and for our salvation, came down from heaven, and was incarnate by the Holy Ghost of the Virgin Mary, and was made man; he was crucified for us under Pontius Pilate, and suffered, and was buried, and the third day he rose again, according to the Scriptures, and ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right hand of the Father; from thence he shall come again, with glory, to judge the quick and the dead; whose kingdom shall have no end. And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of life, who proceedeth from the Father, who with the Father and the Son together is worshiped and glorified, who spoke by the prophets. In one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church; we acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins; we look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen.
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Major Players: Nestorius of Constantinople & St. Cyril of Alexandria Pope St. Celestine I (not present) Major issues Nestorianism Pelagianism
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Founded in 4 th century by Nestorius, the Patriarch (bishop) of Constantinople Nestorianism – belief that in Jesus Christ, there exists 2 persons, 1 divine & 1 human The divine person “dwells” in the human Mary only gave birth to the human Jesus, not the divine Jesus, therefore she is not the Mother of God REMEMBER: Nestorius B.I.G.
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Pelagianism = We do not need God’s grace for salvation, but rather our own goodness gets us to heaven. Because of Pelagius’ craftiness, it took approx. 10-15 years for the Church to figure out what exactly he was teaching…
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Pelagianism already made clear some years before, was finally and definitively stopped at Ephesus. St. Cyril of Alexandria, gave us the term “hypostatic union” In the union of 1 person, there are 2 natures If Mary gave birth to Jesus, who is God, then…? Mary is the Mother of God!!!!
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Major Players: Pope St. Leo I & Eutyches Major Issue: Monophysitism (opposite problem of Nestorianism)
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Monophysite = literally, 1 form Monophysites believed that there was only 1 nature in Christ How can a non-human save us?
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Largest Council to date – 350 bishops Condemns a council at Ephesus (449) Run by Eutyches w/o approval of Leo I Point of departure – Nicene Creed Demonstrates the Church as APOSTOLIC 2 distinct natures in 1 subject “w/o confusion, change, division, or separation” Other minor issues about Rome vs. Constantinople & other matters of jurisdiction
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1st Council: Nicaea (AD325) Condemned Arianism Soteriological axiom: "God alone can save us." FULLY GOD 3rd Council - Ephesus (AD431) JESUS CHRIST 4th Council - Chalcedon(AD451) Condemned Nestorianism Condemned Eutychianism Specified the 1 person of Christ Maintained 2 natures "w/o confusion or change, separation or division” FULLY HUMAN 2nd Council: Constantinople I (AD381) Re-affirmed Nicaea, condemned Apollinarianism Soteriological axiom: “What is not assumed is not healed.”
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Why was the early Church so concerned about what was going on with its teachings?
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