1. Maarten Oonk MSc.Joakim Svensson Sr. Market Manager TNO [ Automation in Road Transport Past, Present & Future Date: 7th of March 2013

2. 2 [ Agenda

3. 3 [ Automation throughout the years

4. 4 [ Patent development

5. 5 [ Automation in the 21 st century

6. [ Challenges Structure the huge complexity of the domain, the different possible angles to look at the problems and make optimum use of past efforts; Increase participation of specific stakeholders like road authorities, traffic industry and service providers; Align our work with established expert groups on relevant topics for development of automation (internationally); Translate the roadmap for automation into a working program that will be recognized and accepted by the ITS community Look for options and/or alternatives to overcome apparent problems and obstacles for deployment;

7. [ Process Roadmap stakeholders Scenario’s Functions Challenges Research topics AUTOMATION IN ROAD TRANSPORT

8. Highway Rural Urban Dedicated Scenario’s IMPACT MobilitySafe Reliable Clean Efficient Automation in Road Transport Towards HAD Active safety Cooperati ve systems Autonom ous systems IMPACT MobilitySafe Reliable Clean Efficient Automation in Road Transport Towards HAD Active safety Cooperative systems Autonomous systems Legal aspects Technical development Perception Cognition & Human factors Traffic management Modelling & simulation

9. 9 Use case definition “Intersection assistance” Scenario:Urban Environment Function:Intersection assistance Automation levelDriver assistance Description: This function enables drivers at intersections to get direction specific or direction dependent warnings (based on the combination of position at the intersection, the indicator use, the destination (based on travnav info) etc.) for potential conflicts with other cars or users (pedestrians, cyclists) and can also control the vehicle(s) with the objective of collision avoidance if necessary. Benefits:  Increased safety and comfort for the drivers, specifically at complex and unknown intersections with lot’s of potential conflicts;  Increased safety for VRU’s  Possibilities of reducing the safety margins for intersection control with the benefit of higher efficiencies  Options for more adaptive traffic control based on real-time intersection specific OD information. Value proposition: Reduction in societal costs of traffic casualties; Less waiting times for drivers and smoother traffic flows TopicIssues & research area’sMaturity level [1-5] Legal aspects Technical developments  Reliable and real-time perception (incl. VRU detection)  V2X communication  Accurate digital maps  Data fusion among sensors, maps and V2X communication  Reliable and accurate positioning (lane level)  Control/x-by-wire 3  C2C WIFI-p secure communication layer1 Cognition & human factors  User – center design (applicable for all automation levels)  Management of the interaction between the driver and the vehicle (interaction strategies)  Maintain the driver’s workload in an optimal level (automation has dual effects on mental workload and may lead to both underload / overload situations) – definition of the optimal level & measurement procedure  Over-reliance as a result of adaptation / trust  Driver in the loop (applicable even in highly automation level cases), situation awareness & response time  Human – machine dynamic balance for any automation level Traffic management  Crowded and congested intersection detection, collection, processing and distribution service to other cars1  This could be a useful function for more efficient signal control at intersections due to more precise real-time information.2 Modeling & simulation  I don’t see any resulting driving behaviour change that would be amenable to a new model. stakeholders  Car industry2 Development proces Deployment issues  Would the drivers really bother to receive such warnings at each and every intersection? Verification & certification Standardization security  Major research topic, as car’s my be hijacked1 [ EXAMPLE USE CASE

10. [ Mapping of functions -I Automated vehicles Automated intersection Urban platooning Traffic jam assistance Automated emergency stop Dynamic speed adaptation Automated Emergency Braking system Cruise control Lane keeping assistance Collision Avoidance - Braking and Steering Highway pilot Energy Efficiency Intersection Control Overtake assistance platooning automated mode translation Driver only Driver assistance Partial automation High automation Full automation L e v e l s o f A u t o m a t i o n *) Urban arearural areaHighway area Scenario’s *) Based on the definitions of BASt

11. Level of automation Scenario’s Urban platooning Automated intersection Intersection assistance Automated mode translation Dynamic speed enforcement Technical developments Human factors & cognition Legal aspects Dedicated urban rural inter-urban [ Mapping of functions - II

12. 12 [ State of the Art and beyond… Technical developments Perception Cognition & human factors Traffic Management Modeling & simulation

13.  6 meetings in 2012 resulting in  Draft roadmap document [ Results

14. Reliable object recognition and tracking Situational awareness State estimation & prediction Accurate road representation Detection of free space Classification of objects Plug and Play concepts [ Perception (vehicles & road operator)

15. Open in-vehicle platform for I2V communication and functions Arbitration (negotiation between driver, on-board automation and TM centre) Distributed traffic management & self organizing concepts (lane assignment, smart ramp metering) Determine and advise on the level of automation that is applicable Supervision of automation by traffic management centres Development of smart logistics corridors with advanced transport management [ Traffic & transport management

16. Effects of automated driving over a long period of time Interaction with automation in own vehicle and other road users Mode transitions & Mode confusion Take-over ability & Controllability Integration of functions Merging of autonomous (vehicle based) sensors with cooperative data acquisition and validation Human Machine Interaction strategies and concepts [ Cognition and Human factors

17. Roadmap Recommendation of Research & Innovation activities [ Draft roadmap

18. [ Future Personalised? Connected? Pseudo-modal? Professional drivers only?

19. [ Thanks for your attention

20. [ Definitions DefinitionDescriptionKey Function Driver OnlyHuman driver executes manual driving taskWarning Driver AssistanceThe driver permanently controls either longitudinal or lateral control. The other task can be automated to a certain extent by the assistance system. ACC, Crash mitigation, EBS, LK Cooperative ACC (CACC) Active Blind Spot Detection / Active Lane Change Assistant Automated lane keeping Cooperative Merge Assistant Partial automationThe system takes over longitudinal and lateral control, the driver shall permanently monitor the system and shall be prepared to take over control at any time. Queue assist Cooperative Traffic Jam Assistant Road Work Assistant High AutomationThe system takes over longitudinal and lateral control; the driver must no longer permanently monitor the system. In case of a take-over request, the driver must take-over control with a certain time buffer. Emergency Stop Assistant Collision Avoidance Cooperative Overtake Assistant Platooning by CACC Highway ―Chauffeur Full Automation The system takes over longitudinal and lateral control completely and permanently. In case of a take-over request that is not carried out, the system will return to the minimal risk condition by itself.(Note this paper is does not deal with full automation, the definition is included merely for the clarity of the reader) Automated corridor

21.  More awareness with road authorities;  Statement on options for developing suitable legal framework;  Develop applicable models for simulating changing traffic dynamics;  HMI & human factors  Implementation plan for technical feasible cooperative applications in real life;  Make sure there is a clear business case and a prime stakeholder; [ Recommendations

22. [ Stakeholders Who are involved…. That is changing! Now Future

23. This is our past and future; We now a lot about it; We only need time to discover it all