1. Perspective on ILC SC Technology Collaboration Fermilab-China Bob Kephart ILC Program Director Fermilab

2. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 2 International Linear Collider The world-wide High Energy Physics consensus is that the next new international facility after LHC should be a 500 GeV/c CM e+e- Collider –upgradeable to 1 TeV/c In 2005 the Global Design Effort (GDE) was formed in to create a machine design –International effort (Americas, Europe, Asia) –Successfully completed a Reference Design Report and associated cost estimate in 2007 –Currently the GDE is working to create an Engineering Design by 2010

3. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 3 Importance of China as a Major Partner The ILC scale requires global participation China’s High Energy Physics Program has been developing rapidly in recent years Explosive growth in Chinese Economy and Industrial Capability makes China a desirable partner for a challenging project like ILC Components will need to be mass produced in industry in all three regions (Americas, Asia, Europe) China could become a major player

4. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 4 Why should China be interested? (1) The Physics Program is Excellent! SRF Technology has many potential applications SRF Linacs for HEP –International Linear Collider (electrons) –Proton Linacs for:  Intense Neutrino sources (Project X proposal at Fermilab)  Front-end of a Muon Collider SRF technology has many other applications –ERL’s for light sources (Materials & Medical science) –Proton Linacs for:  Spallation Neutron sources  Accelerator driven Sub-critical Reactors  Nuclear waste transmutation  Medical Isotope generation or Proton therapy –etc

5. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 5 Why should China be interested? (2) China’s manufacturing based economy has been doing extremely well The next natural step in the evolution of the Chinese economy will be innovation based and will depend on development of new advanced technologies History shows that basic scientific research has been the key element in driving innovation –Trains next generations of scientists and engineers –Develops world class technological workers –Leads to a knowledge based economy

6. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 6 The ILC and Fermilab Goals of Fermilab’s ILC R&D: –Establish credentials in ILC machine design –Develop proficiency in SRF technology –Become a trusted international partner ….with the overall goal of preparing FNAL as viable ILC host site As part of the GDE our goal is to help design the machine, estimate the cost, and gain international support. Fermilab ILC R&D activities: –ILC Machine Design –Development of SRF technology & infrastructure –Conventional Facility & Site Studies for a US ILC site –Industrialization & Cost Reduction –ILC Physics, Detector Design and R&D (not in this talk)

7. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 7 The ILC employs two 250 GeV linacs arranged to produce 500 GeV/c collisions in the center of mass. High Power beams are required  choice of Superconducting RF technology ( best wall plug to beam efficiency) –HUGE: total length=23 km, 1680 Cryomodules, 14,560 SRF cavities, all operating at an average gradient of 31.5 MV/m) ~30 km SRF and the ILC

8. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 8 Project X: Near term use for ILC SRF A FNAL stepping stone to ILC A plan is being developed for a 8 GeV SC Proton Linac to increase FNAL Main Injector beam power to > 2.3 MW –Long base line Neutrino Physics –Physics at the intensity frontier (e.g.   e conversion) –Modified version of Proton Driver Plan Based on 7 GeV of ~ ILC Linac (9 mA x 1 mS x 5 Hz) –Accelerates H minus ions –0.6 GeV Low Beta SC linac –0.6-8 GeV ILC style linac Stripping and accumulation in Recycler Beam accelerated to (up to) 120 GeV in MI –Also 8 GeV program 8

9. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 9 Project X Layout 9 120 GeV fast extraction spill 1.5 x 10 14 protons/1.4 sec 2 MW 8 GeV H - Linac 9mA x 1 msec x 5 Hz 8 GeV extraction 1 second x 2.25 x 10 14 protons/1.4 sec 200 kW Stripping Foil Recycler 3 linac pulses/fill Main Injector 1.4 sec cycle Single turn transfer @ 8 GeV 0.6-8 GeV ILC Style Linac 0.6 GeV Front End Linac

10. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 10 Proton Beam Power 10

11. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 11 ILC/Project X Cavities Cavities are made from pure Nb Sheet –cells deep drawn and electron beam welded Why Niobium? –Highest critical temperature (9.2K) & Critical field (Bc =1800 G) of all pure metals What limits cavity performance ? –Surface defects  quench (few micron size defects matter) –Particulates  field emission –Ultimately, Peak Magnetic field on SC AES Tesla-shape

12. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 12 ILC SRF Goals Demonstrate the baseline ILC Main Linac technology –GDE S0: Cavity gradient of 35 MV/m; good yield –GDE S1: Cryomodules with average gradient > 31.5 MV/m –GDE S2: One or more ILC rf unit with ILC beam parameters Key issue is variability in cavity performance Develop FNAL expertise in SRF technology –Train FNAL staff: Command of the technology for ILC –R&D to improve ILC performance, reduce cost Collaborate with U.S. & International ILC partners Transfer SRF technology to industry Build FNAL SRF Infrastructure to support these activities These goals are closely aligned with a developing plan for a SC linac based intense Proton source (Project X)

13. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 13 ILC Cryomodule Cryomodules are complex 8 or 9 Cavities, ultra clean surfaces Operate in 2K superfluid He Quad Focusing magnets Couplers feed RF energy to cavities Tuners adjust cavity resonant frequency to match klystron Cryomodules are expensive Single most expensive component of the ILC FNAL leads an international team working to improve the TESLA CM design for ILC (DESY, INFN, KEK, CERN, SLAC, India, etc) Must industrialize cavities, components, and maybe CM assembly Developing the extensive infrastructure to build and test CM’s Project X would need 40 ILC-like Cryomodules TTF Cryomodule

14. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 14 ML basic building block ILC RF Unit: 3 CM, klystron, modulator, LLRF Baseline design now has 2 CM with 9 cavities, 1 CM with 8 cavities + quad

15. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 15 Surface Processing Cavity Fabrication Vertical Testing He Vessel, couplers, tuner HPR or reprocess Horizontal Testing Cold String Assembly Pass! Fail! Cavity/CM process and Testing Plan… Develop in labs then transfer technology to industry

16. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 16 SCRF Infrastructure This process requires extensive infrastructure Bare cavities –Fabrication facilities (Electron beam welder, QC, etc) –Surface treatment facilities BCP & Electro-polish facilities (EP) –Ultra clean H 2 0 & High Pressure Rinse systems –Vertical Test facilities ( Cryogenics + low power RF) Cavity Dressing Facilities ( cryostat, tuner, coupler) –Class 10/100 clean room –Horizontal Test System (cryogenics and pulsed RF power) Cryomodule Assembly Facilities –Large class 10/100 clean rooms, Large fixtures Cryo-module test facilities –Cryogenics, pulsed RF power, LLRF, controls, shielding, etc. –Beam tests  electron source (RF unit test facilities) In 2005 FNAL began building this infrastructure

17. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 17 FNAL/U.S. SRF infrastructure Cavity Surface Processing (electro polish) –Cornell processing facility –Jlab processing facility –Joint FNAL/ANL facility at ANL Vertical Test Stand: (IB1) –Tests “bare” cavities Horizontal test stand (MDB) Cryomodule Assembly areas (MP9 + IB1) –1 st ILC like cryomodule (being assembled) –3.9 GHz cryomodule under assembly for DESY RF Unit Test Facility (ILCTA_NML) –ILC-like beam to test full RF units –Move FNAL A0 Photo-injector –Add Capture Cavity II

18. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 18 Cavity Fabrication By Industry Cavity Dressing & Horizontal Testing @ Fermilab Surface Processing @ Cornell Surface Processing @ Jlab Surface Processing @ ANL/FNAL Vertical Testing @ Cornell Vertical Testing @ Jlab Vertical Testing @ FNAL Exists Developing U.S. Cavity Processing & Test ILC R&D goals require new large processing facility ~ 300/yr ~10/yr~50/yr~40/yr

19. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 19 New ANL-FNAL Processing Facility New Clean Rooms New Chemistry Rooms & EP 1 st EP Aug 07 Single cell Chemistry, Clean rooms, BCP,HPR & state-of-the-art EP @ANL Operational ~ Dec 07 ~ 50 EP cycles/yr

20. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 20 New Vertical Test @ FNAL Recently commissioned (IB1) –Existing 125W@ 1.8 K Cryo plant –RF system in collaboration with Jlab –Capable of testing ~50 Cavities/yr –Evolutionary upgrades:  Thermometry for 9-cells, 2 cavities at a time, 2 top plates, Cryo upgrades  Plan for two additional VTS cryostats –Ultimate capacity ~ 264 tests/yr VTS Cryostat:IB1 New RF & Control Room Plan for 2 more VTS pits Nine-cell Tesla-style cavity

21. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 21 Cavity Process & VTS Results ACCEL (Europe) AES (U.S.) ILC Goal ACCEL= experienced, AES is new vendor, cavities are limited by Quench vs. FE

22. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 22 Horizontal Test System After successful vertical test: –Cavity welded inside He vessel –Cavity opened to install main coupler –Tuner added Horizontal Test: –test cavity with pulsed RF power before it is buried in CM –Also serves as high power R&D Test Bed “Dressing” 1 st 1.3 GHz Cavity in HTS Cryostat HTS Cryostat Installed at MDB

23. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 23 MDB Infrastructure RF Power for HTS Cryogenics transfer lines in MDB Large Vacuum Pump for 2K 300 KW RF Power for HTS Capture Cavity-II

24. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 24 Cryomodule Assembly Facility Goal: Assemble R&D Cryomodules Where: MP9 and ICB buildings –MP9: 2500 ft 2 clean room, Class 10/100 –Cavity dressing and string assembly –ICB: final cryomodule assembly Infrastructure: –Clean Rooms, Assembly Fixtures –Clean Vacuum, gas, water & Leak Check DESY Cryomodule “kit” being assembled now String Assembly MP9 Clean Room Cavity string for 1 st CM ICB clean: Final Assembly fixtures installed

25. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 25 Overall Plan: Test ILC RF units 3 CM, Klystron, Modulator, LLRF Move A0 Injector to provide ILC like beam New bldg: diagnostic, AARD, new cryo plant ILC Twin tunnel design to allow 2 nd RF unit and to study tunnel layout and maintenance issues Bunch Compressor ILC RF unit Diagnostics Gun CC I,II Laser 3 rd har Test Area ~ 22 M 72 M Existing Building New Building New ILC like tunnel 2 nd ILC RF unit Test Areas new 300 W cryo plant RF Equipment RF Unit Test Facility (ILCTA_NM)

26. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 26 Recent Picture of NML Facility

27. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 27 FNAL-China Collaboration Long history of FNAL-China Collaboration –1979: ~ 20 Chinese accelerator physicists visited FNAL to learn about building Proton Synchrotrons –US-China Joint Committee on HEP established –28 th annual meeting at FNAL Nov 19-20, 2007 Experimental Collaborations –Early Fixed target experiments at FNAL –Tevatron: D0 experiment ( on-going) –CMS: Collaboration to build Muon Chambers –BES III: T Liu consults on trigger electronics Collaboration on ILC & Project X seems natural

28. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 28 Many Shared Interests China SRF –Cavity R&D for ILC –CSNS ( upgrade =SRF LINAC) –Cryomodules for XFEL –BEPCII spare SRF cavity Detector R&D –Test Beam –BES III, D0,CMS,ATLAS –China’s strength in crystals Neutrino Physics –Daya Bay –Future Experiments? Fermilab SRF –Cavity R&D for ILC –SRF LINAC for Project X –ILC/Project XCryomodules –3.9 GHz for FLASH/XFEL and ILC crab cavities Detector R&D –Test Beam –CDF,D0,CMS –Crystal Calorimetry for ILC Neutrino Physics –MINOS, NOvA… –Future Experiments with Project X or DUSEL ?

29. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 29 Developing Collaborations Developing specific plan for ILC/Project X collaborative work –Cavity Development  Cavity development, Nb from China  Cavity testing, SRF surface physics –Development of Chinese and FNAL SRF infrastructure –Development of accelerator equipment  Machine design and simulation  Cryomodule Development  RF: Modulators, klystrons, RF distribution  Conventional Magnets for DR, instrumentation, controls, etc. –Detector R&D –Personnel exchange FNAL- China Developing collaborations… –Umbrella MOU with Peking University signed in Oct 07 –Umbrella MOU with IHEP to be signed mid-Nov –Encourage other institutions to get involved

30. Oct 2007 US-China Collaboration Slide 30 Conclusions Growing FNAL collaborations with Asia: –Long history of collaboration with Japan –New collaborations with Indian institutions –China can be an important new partner for both Project X and ILC We are encouraged by our discussions –Developing the details Thanks for inviting us to this meeting to understand your thinking on ILC… and to tell you about our plans for ILC R&D and Project X