1. POWERPOINT ® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by LYNN CIALDELLA, MA, MBA, The University of Texas at Austin Additonal Text by J Padilla exclusive for physiology at ECC Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOURTH EDITION DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN UNIT 3 16 Blood

2. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings About this Chapter  Plasma and the cellular elements of blood  Blood cell production  Red blood cells  Platelets and coagulation

3. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Composition of Blood Figure 16-1 (1 of 2)

4. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-1 (2 of 2) Composition of Blood

5. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Proteins

6. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cellular Elements  Three main cellular elements  Platelets split off from megakaryocyte  Five types of mature white blood cells  Monocytes develop into macrophages  Tissue basophils are mast cells  Neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages are known as phagocytes  Lymphocytes are also called immunocytes  Basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils are also called granulocytes

7. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

8. Figure 16-3 Clinical Tests The blood count Hematocrit: ratio of red blood cells to plasma

9. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-2 Hematopoiesis

10. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-4a Focus on … Bone Marrow

11. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-4c Focus on … Bone Marrow Platelets Reticulocyte expelling nucleus Stemcell Lymphocyte Venous sinus Monocyte Reticular cell Stem cell Reticular fiber (c) Mature blood cells squeeze through the endothelium to reach the circulation. Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Mature neutrophil Red blood cell maturation Neutrophil maturation Overall components of bone marrow- see reticular cells and sinus capillary

12. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-4c (6 of 11) Focus on … Bone Marrow Platelets Reticulocyte expelling nucleus Stemcell Lymphocyte Venous sinus Monocyte Reticular cell Stem cell Reticular fiber (c) Mature blood cells squeeze through the endothelium to reach the circulation. Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Red blood cell maturation Pay attention to RBC formation and entry to blood stream

13. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-4c (10 of 11) Focus on … Bone Marrow Platelets Reticulocyte expelling nucleus Stemcell Lymphocyte Venous sinus Monocyte Reticular cell Stem cell Reticular fiber (c) Mature blood cells squeeze through the endothelium to reach the circulation. Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Red blood cell maturation Neutrophil maturation Pay attention to WBC and platelet formation

14. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Originate in bone marrow and as they mature they expel their organelles before entering the blood stream. Most numerous component of formed elements. Contain no nucleus or organelles, instead they are packed with hemoglobin. There are three important characteristics of red blood cells: 1. Their concave shape allows for 30% more surface area for carrying oxygen. 2. 97% of their content is hemoglobin. It is used for binding both oxygen and CO2 3. They depend on anaerobic respiration thus they do not consume any oxygen Erythrocytes

15. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-5 Red Blood Cells

16. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-6 Osmotic Changes to Red Blood Cells Morphology of red blood cells can provide clues to the presence of disease.- diagram shows cells in solutions of different salt concentrations.

17. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-7 Iron Metabolism Normally the body stores iron- women need to consume more iron than men. Why?

18. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Red Blood Cells  Live for about 120 days- old cells get broken at the spleen or cleared by macrophages  Hemoglobin components are recycled- iron is reused to make new hemoglobin  Remnants of heme groups – the other components are take to the liver and become components of bile  Bilirubin and excreted in bile  Jaundice  Elevated levels of bilirubin

19. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Red Blood Cells Anemia is a condition in which not enough oxygen is delivered to the tissues. This condition can be caused by many factors.

20. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-8 Sickled Red Blood Cells A single genetic mutation error in one amino acids produces a proteins with an irregular shape causing many problems

21. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-9a Platelets and Megakaryocytes

22. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemostasis (not homeostasis)  Keeps blood within blood vessels (hemorrhage does not)  Requires: 1- vasoconstriction, 2- platelet plug formation, 3- blood coagulation (seal hole)  Coagulation cascade results in formation of fibrin, a fiber mesh that stabilizes the platelet plug=clot  Plasmin is an enzyme that dissolves the clot as the tissue heals  A thrombus results from too much clot formation and can block a blood vessel

23. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-11 Platelet Plug Formation

24. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-10 Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair*** Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Intact blood vessel wall Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Fibrin slowly dissolved by plasmin Clot dissolves Collagen exposed Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Temporary hemostasis Cell growth and tissue repair Vasoconstriction Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Thrombin formation Coagulation cascade Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Diagram series displays the mechanisms for restoring broken blood vessels

25. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-10 (3 of 17) Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Collagen exposed

26. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-10 (5 of 17) Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Collagen exposed Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Coagulation cascade

27. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-10 (8 of 17) Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Collagen exposed Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Vasoconstriction Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Coagulation cascade

28. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-10 (9 of 17) Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Collagen exposed Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Temporary hemostasis Vasoconstriction Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Coagulation cascade

29. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-10 (13 of 17) Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Collagen exposed Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Temporary hemostasis Vasoconstriction Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Thrombin formation Coagulation cascade Converts fibrinogen to fibrin

30. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-10 (14 of 17) Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Collagen exposed Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Temporary hemostasis Cell growth and tissue repair Vasoconstriction Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Thrombin formation Coagulation cascade Converts fibrinogen to fibrin

31. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-10 (15 of 17) Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Fibrin slowly dissolved by plasmin Collagen exposed Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Temporary hemostasis Cell growth and tissue repair Vasoconstriction Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Thrombin formation Coagulation cascade Converts fibrinogen to fibrin

32. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-10 (16 of 17) Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Fibrin slowly dissolved by plasmin Clot dissolves Collagen exposed Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Temporary hemostasis Cell growth and tissue repair Vasoconstriction Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Thrombin formation Coagulation cascade Converts fibrinogen to fibrin

33. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-10 (17 of 17) Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Intact blood vessel wall Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Fibrin slowly dissolved by plasmin Clot dissolves Collagen exposed Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Temporary hemostasis Cell growth and tissue repair Vasoconstriction Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Thrombin formation Coagulation cascade Converts fibrinogen to fibrin

34. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clotting Process Notice the multiple factors that play a role in platelet function Pay attention to the last two columns Notice the multiple factors that play a role in platelet function Pay attention to the last two columns

35. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-12 The Coagulation Cascade Intrinsic Pathway begins when collagen is exposed Extrinsic pathway is activated by damaged tissues Thrombin is need to created fibrin- the insoluble fibers create the clot. Positive feedback loops remain until a component is consumed Intrinsic Pathway begins when collagen is exposed Extrinsic pathway is activated by damaged tissues Thrombin is need to created fibrin- the insoluble fibers create the clot. Positive feedback loops remain until a component is consumed

36. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-13 Coagulation and Fibrinolysis Clot formation is limited to prevent the entire blood content from coagulating.

37. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Coagulation Know where along the pathway does each component play a role.

38. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Coagulation Pay attention to the source and last two columns

39. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  www.nlm.nih.gov gslc.genetics.utah.edu/.../ABObloodsystem.gif

40. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary  Plasma and cellular elements  Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and megakaryocytes  Plasma proteins and their functions  Five types of white blood cells  Blood cell production  Hematopoiesis and cytokines  Red blood cell  Transferrin, ferritin, bilirubin, bile, and jaundice  Platelets and coagulation  Hemostasis, platelet plug, platelet adhesion, platelet aggregation, and fibrin  Coagulation cascade, fibrinogen, thrombin, plasmin, prostacyclin, and anticoagulants  Blood Typing