1. Literature Review Payam Kabiri, MD. PhD. Epidemiologist
Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics
School of Public Health
Tehran University of Medical Sciences

2. Literature Review What is Literature? What is Literature Review?
What kind of Literature do we have?
When the Literature review should be down?
When to use Literature in proposals?
How to refer to the used Literature?

3. مرور متون
جستجو و تحليل نظام‌مند منابع (اعم از مقاله، کتاب، پايان‌نامه و ...) که دريک زمينه موضوعی خاص منتشر شده است.

4. اهميت مرور متون
مرور متون براساس موضوع پژوهش صورت می‌گيرد و در موارد زير به‌کار می‌رود:
در تهيه پروپوزال طرح تحقيقاتی
مقدمه و بيان مساله
در تنظيم گزارش نهايی و مقاله
مقدمه و بحث
ساير موارد مانند ...

5. Steps of Literature Review
Problem formulation
which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues?
Literature search
finding materials relevant to the subject being explored
Data evaluation
determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic
Analysis and interpretation
discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature

6. Information Resources
اطلاعات پايه (Basic Knowledge)
کتاب‌های مرجع (Text book)
اطلاعات روزآمد (Updated Knowledge)
مجلات و نشريات ادواری (Periodicals)

7. Information Resources
Print Materials
Electronic Materials

8. Information Resources
Local Data
International Data

9. Print Materials Journals & Papers Indexes Dissertations & Thesis
Abstracts of Seminars
Books & Booklets

10. Bibliographic database
A bibliographic or library database is a collection of bibliographic information.
May contain information about papers, books and other materials held in a library.

11. Versions of electronic databases
Index Medicus is the print version of MEDLINE
Excerpta Medica is the print version of EMBASE
Science Citation Index is the print version of Web of Science
Database
Printed version
Electronic version
MEDLINE
Since 1879
Since 1966
EMBASE
Since 1948
Since 1974
Science Citation Index
Find scisearch

12. TYPES OF BIBLIRAPHIC DATABASES
Cover all areas of health care and index journals published from around the world.
MEDLINE/PubMed
EMBASE

13. Index journals published in specific regions of the world.
Australasian Medical Index
Chinese Biomedical Literature Database
Latin American Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS)
Japan Information Centre of Science and Technology File on Science, Technology and Medicine (JICST-E)

14. Focus on specific areas of health
Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL)
AIDSLINE

15. Databases General Databases (Comprehensive OR Core Databases)
Specialized Databases (Subjects Specified Databases)

16. General Databases (Comprehensive OR Core Databases)
Medical Sciences
Medline
Embase
Scopus
All Sciences
Web of Sciences

17. Specialized Databases (Subjects Specified Databases)
Biological Abstracts
International Pharmaceutical Abstract
PsychInfo
CINAHL
Chemical Abstracts
Agricola
Econlite

18. Citation Databases
Web of Science
Scopus
Google Scholar

19. Electronic Journals & Collection
Elsevier Science
Ovid
Blackwell Science
Oxford university Press
Springer
Proquest
Ebsco

20. Also Note Biases Publication Bias Fulltext Bias Language Bias
Database Bias …

21. Publication Bias
“Publication bias refers to the greater likelihood that studies with positive results will be published”
JAMA 2002;287:

22. Publication Bias
Positive trials are more likely to be submitted for publication
Positive trials are more likely to be published
Positive trials are more likely to be published quickly
Stern and Simes BMJ 1997;315:

23. Publication Bias
Sterling study: 97% of papers published in 4 psychology journals showed statistically significant results at alpha level 5% !
Dickersin study: compared published RCTs with unpublished ones .results:55%pub,15% unpub, favoring new therapy!
Mahoney stuD:75 reviewers asked to review different versions of a fictitious manuscript. ”introduction” & ”methods” : identical, ”results” & “discussion” : different (+/ambiguous /-). results of reviewers evaluation : manuscripts with “positive” results received higher average scores!

24. Publication Bias 1)…if they had reached sig. 2) positive result
3) interesting results for both reviewers & authors!
4) language bias (ENG) in being included in a meta-analysis.

25. How to Bypass Publication Bias
Searching Libraries for Thesis & Research Reports
Searching Registries
Searching Grey Literature
Searching especial Journals like:
“Journal of Negative results in Biomedicine”

26. آشنايی با بانك اطلاعاتي مدلاين
Index Medicus
National Library of Medicine (NLM)

27. Dr. John Shaw Billings John Shaw Billings (US Army general Surgeon)
Director of the NLM
established Index Medicus.

28. Index Medicus Making: They call it: Author Index Subject Index

29. آشنايی با بانك اطلاعاتي مدلاين
Medical Literature Analysis And Retrieval System
MEDLARS

30. آشنايی با بانك اطلاعاتي مدلاين
MEDLARS ONLINE
MEDLINE

31. آشنايی با بانك اطلاعاتي مدلاين
بانك اطلاعاتي مدلاين در واقع همان نسخه الکترونيک ايندكس مديكوس چاپي است که به صورت نسخه سي دي و يا وب منتشر مي شود.

32. Medline 3200 Journal First & Now +4900 Journal
More 250,000 Paper per Year
75% of the Whole Printed English Papers throughout the world
Over 17,000,000 Records Till Now

33. Medline 1966 up to now National Library of Medicine (NLM) Product
More than 14,000,000 Record till now
The most used database by Medical Researchers throughout the world

34. Medline Publish more than 800 papers per day
Covers Medical, Dental & Nursing papers
In 2006, 4,928 journals are currently indexed for MEDLINE
Available online through web since 1971.

35. آشنايی با بانك اطلاعاتي مدلاين
Records
Fields
Titles (Ti)
Authors (Au)
Source (So)
Journal Name (Jn)
Main Abstract (MA)
Medical Subjects Headings (MESH)
………………………………………………

36. آشنايی با بانك اطلاعاتي مدلاين
Search Methods
Find (Search)
Index
Thesaurus (MeSH)
Output Options
View
Download
Print

37. آشنايی با بانك اطلاعاتي مدلاين
Operators
AND OR
NOT
ADJ

38. Shaded areas indicate retrieval Types of records retrieved
Boolean Logics
Shaded areas indicate retrieval
Search Statement
Types of records retrieved
              
stress AND anxiety
Documents that have either stress AND anxiety
stress OR anxiety
Documents that have both stress OR anxiety
stress NOT anxiety
Documents that have stress but NOT anxiety

39. Truncation For singular, plural or word-roots findings. Examples:
child* will retrieve children, childhood, childlike
adolescen* will retrieve adolescent, adolescence, adolescently
derm* will retrieve dermal, dermatitis, dermatology, dermoid, dermatologist, dermatopathologist, …
Be very careful of small word roots when looking for plurals…
cat* rat*
catastrophe rational
cataract ratify
category ratio
Rather use: (cat OR cats) (rat OR rats)

41. Some comparisons between the MEDLINE of 1971 & the MEDLINE of today
Items
1971
2006
Indexed Journals
239
4,928
Users 25
77,000,000 unique visits & about 800,000,000 searches
Server
an IBM 360/50 mainframe computer
on 20 Dell PowerEdge, 2 CPU 8Gb RAM, with the Linux operating system

42. PubMed
PubMed is available via the NCBI
Entrez retrieval system. It was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM), located at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 

43. MEDLINE Facts Producer National Library of Medicine, Washington, DC.
Subjects
medicine, dentistry, nursing, preclinical sciences, health care systems, veterinary medicine
Size
4500+ journals indexed; 14 million references
Scope
Journals from 70 countries (>50% US)
Languages
30+
Abstracts
included for >75% of references; author-written
Coverage
1966 – present

44. How to refer to the used Literature?
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (
Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals
Sample References (Vancouver)

48. How to see where a journal is indexed?
To check in which database a journal is indexed & where we can find its full text, search your journal name in these websites:

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50. The Oxford Dictionary's latest definition of the following words
Boss: Someone who is early when you are late and late when you are early.
Cigarette: A pinch of tobacco rolled in paper with fire at one end and a fool on the other.
Classic: A book which people praise, but do not read.
Committee: Individuals who can do nothing individually and sit to decide that nothing can be done together.

51. The Oxford Dictionary's latest definition of the following words
Compromise: The art of dividing a cake in such a way that everybody believes he got the biggest piece.
Conference Room: A place where everybody talks, nobody listens and everybody disagrees later on.
Criminal: A guy no different from the rest....except that he got caught.
Dictionary: A place where success comes before work.

52. The Oxford Dictionary's latest definition of the following words
Doctor: A person who kills your ills by pills, and kills you with his bills.
Etc .: A sign to make others believe that you know more than you actually do.
Experience: The name men give to their mistakes.
Father: A banker provided by nature.

53. The Oxford Dictionary's latest definition of the following words
Office: A place where you can relax after your strenuous home life.
Opportunist: A person who starts taking bath if he accidentally falls into a river.
Optimist: A person who while falling from Eiffel tower says in midway "See I am not injured yet."

54. The Oxford Dictionary's latest definition of the following words
Lecture: An art of transferring information from the notes of the lecturer to the notes of the students without passing through the minds of either.
Smile: A curve that can set a lot of things straight.
Philosopher: A fool who torments himself during life, to be spoken of when dead.

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