1. مصاحبه Interview محمد مهدی کریم پور معارف اسلامی و مدیریت 88

2. What is the Interview?  Their main function is to provide a framework in which respondents can express their own thoughts in their own words  Interviews are not just conversations. They are conversations with a purpose to collect information about a certain topic or research question  The A-Z of Social Research

3.  Establishing trust and familiarity  demonstrating genuine interest in what the respondent says  appearing non judgmental  effective balance between talking and listening  remembering what the respondent has said  knowing when and when not to interrupt  The A-Z of Social Research Required skills for interviewer:

4.  Interviews are used both in quantitative and qualitative research  Quantitative interviews  use of a structured survey  same questions in the same order  responses are amenable to statistical analysis  Qualitative interviews  more flexible and open-ended  used to develop ideas and research hypotheses rather than to gather facts and statistics  The A-Z of Social Research Use of Interview:

5. Difference between quantitative and qualitative: Depth of information Number of respondent qualitative quantitative

6.  Often combine with other methods.  used to ensure that the questions that will appear in a widely circulated questionnaire are valid and Understandable  used as follow-up to a questionnaire  explore in more depth interesting issues from the standard questionnaire  development of new ideas and hypotheses and throw up new dimensions to be studied.  complement questionnaire data  The A-Z of Social Research Position of the Interview

7.  Flexibility  High response rate  Check on questions  Probes  Clarification  Confirmation  Prompts  Connecting  Non-verbal communication  Timing of interview  The A-Z of Social Research Advantages of interviews

8. Disadvantages of Interviews  Reliability  Lack of comparability  Time consuming  Costly  Interruptions  Lack of anonymity  The A-Z of Social Research

9. Interviewer effects  First appearances are very important as they may influence how people respond to one another  Preconceived notions may also exist among interviewees. The interviewee may have certain conceptions of the interviewer based on appearance and demeanour  The A-Z of Social Research

10.  Structured  semi-structured  Unstructured  The A-Z of Social Research semi-structuredStructured Types of the Interview

11.  similar to questionnaires:  standard format  pre-determined questions in a fixed order  equal opportunities for all persons  draw constructs embedded in one’s thinking and rationale for decision making  structured interviews begin with some type of tentative hunch, targeting interview questions in that direction.  The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods Structured Interview

12.  four occasions in qualitative research  comparison among groups  conducting interview waves  can be followed up by open or semi-structured interviews later.  the primary design of the project is quantitative research, but the researcher wishes to supplement the findings with an open-ended component.  interviewing low-functioning individuals  The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods Structured Interview

13.  a qualitative data collection strategy in which the researcher asks informants a series of predetermined but open-ended questions.  The researcher has more control over the topics of the interview than in unstructured interviews, but in contrast to structured interviews or questionnaire that use closed questions, there is no fixed range of responses to each question.  The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods Semi-structured interview

14.  Is useful where the concepts and relationships among them are relatively well understood, such as in typological analysis;  in contrast, unstructured interviews are more useful when the identification of important concepts is one of the research aims, such as in phenomenology.  the interviewer must avoid leading questions  The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods Semi-structured interview

15.  Involve asking relatively open-ended questions of research participants in order to discover their percepts on the topic of interest.  Begins with vague, general questions.  The research participant has few clues as to the researcher’s own opinion of where the researcher would like the conversation to go.  the interviewee determines the direction  The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods Unstructured interview

16.  five occasions to be used:  studying relatively new domains.  when qualitative researchers utilize research waves.  depth, rather than breadth, is the primary goal of the research project.  for ethnographic research.  useful with articulate individuals.  The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods Unstructured interview

17.  summarize the content that researchers cover during interviews.  provide very minimal directions, leading to “less structured” interviews  ensure that the researcher’s topics of interest are thoroughly covered.  Two types:  Question based guides  More common  topic-based guides  The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods Interview guides