1. INTER AND SEQUENTIAL CROPPING NextEnd

2. NextEnd previous In intercropping, the interactions are between the crops of the same species as well as between crops of different species. Pre-requisites of successful intercropping The main objective of intercropping is to get higher productivity per unit area in addition to stability in production. Intercropping utilizes resources efficiently. There are certain important pre-requisites of intercropping: i) The time of peak nutrient demands of component crops should not overlap. Maize + Urd/Moong The peak nutrient demand is 30-35 days after sowing in case of urd/ moong where as it is 50-55 days after sowing for maize. (ii) Competition for light should be minimum among the component crops. (iii) Complimentarity should exist between the component crops. (iv) The difference in maturity of component crops should be at least 30 days. (v) Competition for CO 2 and water should also be minimum among component crops.

3. NextEnd previous Selection of crops and varieties for intercropping Even within a combination of two particular crops, selection of varieties of each crop suitable for inter cropping may become necessary. Genotypes suitable for sole cropping may not be suitable for intercropping situations. This may be based on the following criteria. a) differences in duration b) differences in distribution of leaves c) differences in rooting pattern d) differences in growth habit. Eg. In sorghum + cowpea intercropping system, a sorghum variety of 100-120 days duration mixed with cowpea genotypes 75-90 days duration, sorghum is having erect compact canopy without tendrils and deep root system.

4. NextEnd previous Factors that have to be considered for selection of crops and varieties for intercropping are Main crop yield should not suffer much Competition between crop species is minimum Complementary effects have to be more Pests, diseases or weed incidence are not unduly increased Temporary immobilization of N should not occur. Competition for solar radiation in intercropping In intercropping situations, competition for solar radiation might arise due to difference in height, leaf area, leaf orientation and growth duration.

5. NextEnd previous Height:  In intercropping systems, taller components are able to intercept more light and shorter components are affected by shading and low light intensities.  If the intercrops are shorter they do not pose any competition for light with the main crop.  In studies on sorghum based intercropping systems short growing crops like cowpea, soybean, green gram did not compete with sorghum for light and light interception by intercropped sorghum was more or less equal to sole sorghum.  But when tall growing sunflower was intercropped in sorghum rows, light interception by sorghum was reduced by 50%.

6. NextEnd previous Leaf area:  In a combination of tall and short crops, the amount of solar radiation available to short crops is very much reduced by shading of tall crops.  If the shorter components have greater leaf area, leaf area / leaf weight ratio and adaptation to low light intensities, than they will survive better in such intercropping systems and the intercepted light will be of greater use. Leaf inclination:  It refers to leaf orientation based on ideotype of plants.  Regarding leaf inclination of component crops for intercropping, an ideal situation would be to have a taller components with more erect leaves and the shorter components with more horizontal leaves.  So, sufficient light falls on shorter components favouring maximum utilization.  Such mixture would intercept and use more light and the competition effect would be minimal.

7. NextEnd previous Growth duration:  When component crops have different growth duration, the peak demand for light would occur at different times.  In a maize + green gram system, peak light demand for maize occurs at about 60 days after sowing, by the time the green gram is ready for harvest.  Green gram is able to make use so light available in early stages of maize growth, when shade is less. Similarly in sorghum + red gram system, red gram grows very slowly in the early stages. At the time of sorghum harvest, red gram reaches its peak light demand period and at that stage shading by sorghum is less/nil.

8. NextEnd previous Competition for nutrients in intercropping Competition for various nutrients between component crops depends on root distribution pattern, growth stages of peak demand period, types of nutrients required more by each component crop. Root distribution pattern:  When root system of component crops overlap in the same zone, competition for nutrients would occur and the crop with more aggressive growth would suppress the nutrient uptake by the less dominant crop and affecting its growth.  So, there must be variation in rooting pattern of component crops.

9. NextEnd previous Peak demand period:  Similarly, if the peak nutrient demand periods of the component crops occur at the same time then the competition will be high for the available nutrients.  Such competition for nutrients can be minimized by selecting crops of different root distribution pattern.  For instance when a shallow surface rooting millet is intercropped with a deep rooted redgram then the roots of these two crops forage in different soil layers, thus avoiding competition.

10. NextEnd previous Crop duration :  Similarly, if the inter crop has either less or more duration than the main crop, then the peak nutrient requirement periods of these two crops would occur at different times and thus competition at any particular time is less.  The problem of nutrient competition can further be minimized by selecting crops which require more quantities of different nutrients.  Eg. Legumes requiring phosphorus and millets demanding nitrogen.  The duration of the crops might decide the nature of intercrops.  Eg). Sorghum + Redgram, sorghum + cowpea under rainfed condition.

11. NextEnd previous Complementary effects of intercropping 2) Similarly when legumes are intercropped with non-legumes of a longer duration, N-fixed by legumes would benefit the non- legumes. 1) Certain crops require less light intensity and high relative humidity. Such an altered micro climate is provided when such crops are grown in between tall growing components in an inter cropping system. Eg. Turmeric/ Ginger / Black pepper in coconut gardens. 3) Presence of rhizosphere microflora and mycorhiza associated with one of the crops may lead to mobilization and availability of nutrients which may benefit the associated crop also. 4) Similarly provision of physical support by a tall crop to a climbing type of intercrop is another example of complementary effect. Eg. Coconut + Pepper, Sorghum + Lablab, Maize + Climbing Beans.

12. NextEnd previous Allelopathic effects Some crops may be unsuitable as intercrops because they secrete toxins into the soil which will adversely affect the associated crops. Roots of cucumber, leaves of Eucalyptus globules, decomposing residues of sunflower are known to produce allelo chemicals, affecting the growth of other crops. Such crops must be avoided. Pests, diseases and weeds infestation There are instances where certain species of crops when grown together result in more in a dense of a particular pest/disease/weeds affecting the other crops. Such combinations must be avoided.

13. Next End previous For success in intercropping, the component crops must 1.Differ in duration ; a duration difference of 25% is preferable, other evidences indicate that a difference at least 32-40 days is necessary. 2.Differ in rooting pattern-peak nutrient and water demand periods should occur at different times 3.should lead to more complementary effects. 4.should not leave any allelopathic effect 5.should not encourage the increased incidence of any particular pest, disease or weed.

14. NextEnd previous Ultimately the final aim in selection of crops for intercropping must be  To ensure normal yields of main crop and additional yield from intercrop (or)  To produce a higher total yield from both crops than what either of them would have produced as pure crops  The interaction in sequential cropping differ quantitatively and qualitatively from those of intercropping systems. In sequential cropping at any particular time the interaction is between crops of the same species only.

15. NextEnd previous Sequence / Sequential Cropping  Growing of two or more crops in quick succession on the same piece of land in a farming year.  The sowing of the succeeding crop and harvesting of the proceeding crop may be done simultaneously or in a quick succession.  E.g. Just after the harvesting of Maize, Potato is sown and just after digging of potato, Chilli is sown.  Sequential cropping is also called non- overlapping cropping because there is no overlap between the two or more cropping.  Ratoon cropping may also be classified under sequential cropping

16. NextEnd previous Selection of crops and varieties for sequential cropping Selection of crops The nature of crops that would fit into a crop sequence at any given farm depends on a number of factors. a. Irrigation water availability  If supplemental irrigation facilities are available in rice fallow, crop like cotton, groundnut and gingelly can be grown. If it is not available only rice fallow pulse like blackgram can be raised with residual moisture.  Similarly, in garden lands, if adequate irrigation facilities available during summer, a three crop sequence of Ragi-cotton-sorghum, accommodating sorghum during summer.  If water is not adequate only double crop sequence of ragi-cotton-fallow is adopted.

17. NextEnd previous b. Soil type  In wetlands, to increase the cropping intensity, rice fallow cropping is recommended.  The type of crop to be included is decided by the soil type also.  In old Delta area with heavy clay soil, cotton/pulse is suitable but not groundnut.  Whereas, in new delta area where the soil is sandy with light texture, crops like groundnut and gingelly can be grown. c. Total returns  Depending upon the price and marketability as well as proximity to the town, the selection of crops will vary.  In farms nearer to town, high intensity of cropping is possible by including short duration vegetables, greens and fodder crops which are quickly perishable.  Such crops cannot be readily included in farms located far away from the city limits. Similarly, farmers away from town can grow crops which can be stored for a longer period and up to receiving fairly good prices.

18. NextEnd previous d. Multiple requirements of the farm and farmer  The various crop sequence decided for a farm should include crops which provide cereals, millets, pulses, cash crops of longer and shorter duration and also fodder crops.  An ideal cropping scheme in a farm must have about 60-70% area under commercial crops (20-30%), 30% food crops and 10% with fodder crops. e. The nature of crops selected should help to maintain soil fertility  There should be at least one legume crop in the sequential cropping to maintain fertility of soil.  If a particular crop is grown season after season repeatedly, same amount of nutrients are removed from the same layer of soil.

19. NextEnd previous Therefore, inclusion of a legume in crop sequence at least for a short period is desirable or crops to follow should differ from the previous crop in rooting pattern, types of nutrients required, etc., so that some nutrient in the soil layer is not continuously exploited. f.on the germination and establishment of the succeeding crops must be avoided or sufficient time for their full decomposition or proper residue management must be made. Eg. Sunflower stalks inhibited the establishment and growth of sorghum sown after sunflower Crops whose decomposing residues are likely to cause toxic effect Selection of varieties For higher productivity - selection of varieties must be done with reference to their yield. Sensitiveness to photoperiod and duration - short and medium duration varieties which are photo insensitive to be selected.

20. NextEnd previous Duration : Rice fallow season : Pulses Blackgram T9 or Co5, Cotton MCU 9 or SVPR 1 are short duration varieties with 135 days duration. If the rice fallow crops are longer duration, it will interfere in the operations of first season Kuruvai rice. Photo sensitiveness: GEB 24 Photosensitive variety and season round one comes to flowering only during Oct-Nov seasons. But now all are photo insensitive varieties. Short and medium duration varieties with photo insensitiveness can be recommended for all seasons to get higher yield.

21. NextEnd previous Fertilizer use in sequential cropping When we design a fertilizer schedule based on cropping system, there is a possibility of reducing the fertilizer doses. The efficient fertilizer management is possible by i.Nutrient requirement of various component crops should be known – The sum of the nutrient requirement of various crops is the total nutrient requirement of the system. ii.Nutrient uptake pattern – based on the nutrient demand of each crop should be known iii.Response of crops to various nutrient application – Some crops may respond to a particular nutrient, but not the other crops for the same nutrient Eg. Pulse respond to P Millets, cereals respond to N Nuts tubers and oilseeds to K

22. previous iv. Rates and method as well as time of fertilizer application. Mobile nutrients can be extracted more or less quantitatively from the soil volume surrounding the roots (called root system sorption zone) but relatively immobile forms can be extracted only partly depending on their mobility from the soil volume immediately around the roots (called root surface sorption zone). The fertilizer supply for mobile nutrients must be equal to the demand by crop whereas for immobile nutrients based on the relative sufficiency of soil supply. v.Integrated nutrient management for the cropping system by accounting the soil contribution and involving organic forms like FYM. Compost and residues contribution, inorganic forms and Biofertilizers like Azospirillum for cereals, millets, cotton, sugarcane and Rhizobium for legumes and phosphobacterial for mobilizing the phosphorous.