2.  I believe that it is essential to go to the very beginning of how networking started to fully understand how we reached to today’s position.  “The memex would retrieve the information through pieces of information or from the associative links through logical connections pathways” (PBS Online, 1998).  Why is this considered an essential factor? It is because Vannevar Bush was the first person to think about networking with the use of these logical connections. He turned out to be the true leader in this industry during that time.

3.  Although Vennevar Bush’s plan did not become reality until 13 years after his paper being written, but it was a reality.   “ President Dwight D. Eisenhower created ARPA, the Advanced Research Projects Agency, in 1958 as a response to Sputnik's launch” (Strickland).  To establish America as the most superior nation across the world, President Dwight D. Eisenhower set aside billions of dollars for U.S. Research and Development Centers that consisted of computers and networking.

4.  The IPTO started funding researches for advanced computer and networking and helped to advance the technology.  The Behavioral Science Division of ARPA was started by J.C.R. Licklider in 1962.  At this time, J.C.R. Licklider got amazing breakthrough in his life and proposed that, “If this globe could be connected with an "intergalactic network" to share thoughts and ideas and function as an integrated unit” (PBS Online, 1998).  THE MODERN DAY INTERNET  It began with the creation of the world wide web (www) as well known today.

5.  When it talks about VOIP (Voice over Internet Protocol), we must have an idea what are the things that helped to build it.   The first thing required was the telephone, that was created in 1870s Alexander Gram Bell and Elisha Gray.

6.  As mentioned before, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was formed for networking and computer technology advancements, and in 1968, the Internet was developed by this agency for the first time.  This was possible only because President Dwight D. Eisenhower set aside billions of dollars for U.S. Research and Development Centers including computers and networking so as to establish America as the the most advanced nation across the globe.

7.  The additional development was possible with the creation of the TCP/IT (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol).  It was first created by Dr. Vint Cerf who recognized the requirement of something.  He used the TCP/IT, the technical protocol, which was defined as data packets form which would travel their destinations.

8.  The very important components that make VoIP funciton is the http (hypertext transfer protocol) and the URL (universal resource locator).  Tim Berners-Lee and the Group created these in 1989 at CERN.  These were “those international organizations or institutions which helped to create the most important site for the development of the Internet” (PBS Online, 1998).  Why is this significant? It is because without this out there, it wouldn’t be possible for us to communicate over the internet.

9.  In February 1995, VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) was created in Israel by a small company. They called their invention the Internet Phone.  This phone allowed a user to call another through the computer. All they required was a set of speakers and a microphone.  “By as early as 1998, 1% of all telephone calls were being made over the internet”(Hughes, 2012)  “It was estimated that approximately 1% of telephone calls were done over the internet in early 1998” (Hughes, 2012)  This figure continued to increase over 50% nowadays and it’s still increasing.  This led to many other advanced features such as video teleconference which is what in use nowadays across the world.

10.  PBS Online. (1998). On the radar scope. Retrieved---------------------------, from  http://www.pbs.org/opb/nerds2.0.1/networking_nerds/radar.html  Strickland, J. (n.d.). How did the internet start?. Retrieved------------------- -, from  http://www.howstuffworks.com/internet/basics/internet-start.htm  PBS Online. (1998). LICK. Retrieved, 8 January 2012, from  http://www.pbs.org/opb/nerds2.0.1/networking_nerds/licklider.ht ml  Hughes, M. (2012). The history of voip Retrieved---------------, from  http://ezinearticles.com/?The-History-of-VoIP&id=3865411  PBS Online. (1998). Wiring the World Retrieved, -------------------------, from  http://www.pbs.org/opb/nerds2.0.1/wiring_world/index.html