1. Welcome to Strand Two CAPT Review! Please take out paper or an electronic device to take notes/answer questions with. Today’s Topics: Atoms and Periodic Table Carbon and Hydrocarbons Natural Polymers Synthetic Polymers

2. Periodic Table Overview

3. Comparing Structure… Nitrogen AtomPhosphorus Atom What are the similarities? What are the differences?

4. Check for Understanding… Which of the following elements would have the most similar reactivity? a. Na, Mg, K b. O, F, Ne c. F, Cl, Br d. H, Be, Mg Correct Answer: C They are in the same family (aka group or column). Correct Answer: C They are in the same family (aka group or column).

5. Directions: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate subatomic particle… _______ determine the element. _______ determine the mass. ________ determine the charge. Protons determine the element. Neutrons determine the mass. Electrons determine the charge.

6. Covalent Bonding SHARING valence electrons! Is chlorine (Cl) a metal or a nonmetal?

7. Ionic Bonding Is sodium (Na) a metal or a nonmetal? Is chlorine (Cl) a metal or a nonmetal?

8. Organic Chemistry Contains CARBON! Why is carbon found in all polymers?

9. What can be concluded from comparing these two pictures of polymers? a. Polymers are easily broken down into their component parts. b. The same number of carbon atoms may be arranged in various ways. c. Linear polymer structures are stronger than ringed polymer structures. d. It takes fewer monomers to form a linear polymer than a ringed polymer.

10. What can be concluded from comparing these two pictures of polymers? a. Polymers are easily broken down into their component parts. b. The same number of carbon atoms may be arranged in various ways. c. Linear polymer structures are stronger than ringed polymer structures. d. It takes fewer monomers to form a linear polymer than a ringed polymer.

11. Polymers

12. What is a polymer? Polymer Definition: Long chains of repeating subunits chemically bonded together by covalent bonds. Monomer = repeating subunit Monomer = repeating subunit

13. Can you think of any natural polymers? Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids/Fats Nucleic Acids http://pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/tooncell.htm How are big carbohydrates (or any polymer) formed? Watch this… Dehydration Synthesis

14. Think, Pair, Share… Brainstorm a list of synthetic polymers. Man-made Transformed Society Ex: Nylon, Plastics, Volcanized Rubber

15. Physical Properties and Tests What are the unique properties to the two plastic polymers shown below… vs.

16. So… how do we test polymers? Polymers can be “strong” in many ways!

17. Test 1: Tensile Strength To test… try to pull it! Tensile strength  the amount of pulling force placed upon a material before it breaks

18. Test 2: Puncture Resistance To test… try to hit sharply or suddenly Puncture resistance  ability of a material to keep moving objects from perforating the surface

19. Test 3: Abrasion Resistance To test… rub with sandpaper. vs. Abrasion resistance - toughness of material against scraping, scuffing or scarring

20. What type of test should be done on climbing rope? 1 Finger = Tensile Strength 2 Fingers = Abrasion Test 3 Fingers = Puncture Test Don’t reveal your answer until I ask!

21. How can we make polymers stronger?

22. sulfur Polymer: Polyisoprene Chains Add some heat and… …Cross-linked Polyisoprene!

23. Check for Understanding Petroleum-based Polymers vs. Plant-based Polymers A petroleum-based (inorganic) polymer is commonly used for grocery bags. Recently there has been a push by environmentalists to make grocery bags out of plant-based (organic) polymers. Students in a science class decided to investigate the strength of the two types of polymers. They obtained one petroleum-based (inorganic) polymer bag and one plant-based (organic) polymer bag of the same size and thickness. They added 100-gram weights to each bag until it broke. What is the independent variable in the investigation? a. the size of the bags b. the type of polymer c. the thickness of the bags d. the amount of weight of the bags

24. Check for Understanding Petroleum-based Polymers vs. Plant-based Polymers A petroleum-based (inorganic) polymer is commonly used for grocery bags. Recently there has been a push by environmentalists to make grocery bags out of plant-based (organic) polymers. Students in a science class decided to investigate the strength of the two types of polymers. They obtained one petroleum-based (inorganic) polymer bag and one plant-based (organic) polymer bag of the same size and thickness. They added 100-gram weights to each bag until it broke. What is the independent variable in the investigation? a. the size of the bags b. the type of polymer c. the thickness of the bags d. the amount of weight of the bags

25. The students found that the plant-based polymer grocery bag held 500 grams before breaking and the petroleum-based polymer grocery bag held 600 grams before breaking. In order to increase confidence in their results, the students should repeat the investigation using _____________. a.only plant-based polymer bags b.two other types of polymer bags c.a double thickness of each polymer bag d.both the plant and petroleum polymer bags Check for Understanding Petroleum-based Polymers vs. Plant-based Polymers

26. The students found that the plant-based polymer grocery bag held 500 grams before breaking and the petroleum-based polymer grocery bag held 600 grams before breaking. In order to increase confidence in their results, the students should repeat the investigation using _____________. a.only plant-based polymer bags b.two other types of polymer bags c.a double thickness of each polymer bag d.both the plant and petroleum polymer bags Check for Understanding Petroleum-based Polymers vs. Plant-based Polymers

27. What type of bonds are present in the polymers above? a. ionic bonds b. covalent bonds c. hydrogen bonds d. barry bonds

28. What type of bonds are present in the polymers above? a. ionic bonds b. covalent bonds c. hydrogen bonds d. barry bonds

29. Odd One Out: Polymers Which is the odd one out?WHY is it the odd one out? Branching Cross-Linking Linear Block Carboyhydrate PVC Table Salt HDPE Tensile Strength Flame Test Puncture Resistance Melting Point Elasticity Compression Crystallinity Heat Resistance

30. Odd One Out: Polymers Which is the odd one out?WHY is it the odd one out? Branching Cross-Linking Linear Block Cross-Linking – NOT a structure of a polymer (it is an alteration to any structure) Carboyhydrate PVC Table Salt HDPE Table Salt – NOT a polymer! It is an ionic compound. Tensile Strength Flame Test Puncture Resistance Melting Point Flame Test – NOT a polymer strength test. It tests for ions in solution. Elasticity Compression Crystallinity Heat Resistance Crystallinity – NOT a property of polymers.

31. What is a hydrocarbon? Hydrocarbon hydrogen carbon C x H y  example: Methane CH 4

32. What is the combustion reaction? CH 4 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + heat ReactantsProducts Endothermic or exothermic?

33. What risks are associated with the incineration of plastics? What risks are associated with the dumping of plastics into landfills?

34. Open Ended Questions Take a hand out from the front and answer the practice open ended questions!