1. MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN LEARNING A PHSYICAL SKILL Output & Feedback Week 4

2. Key Content Reaction time Reaction time Types of reaction time Types of reaction time Age, gender Age, gender Intensity of the stimulus Intensity of the stimulus Number of choices Number of choices Warning signals Warning signals Probability of the signal occurring Probability of the signal occurring Psychological refractory period Psychological refractory period Stimulus-response compatibility Stimulus-response compatibility Feedback Feedback Types of feedback Types of feedback Feedback and the learner Feedback and the learner

3. Output The neuromuscular system automatically carries out the movement response initiated and coordinated by the central nervous system The neuromuscular system automatically carries out the movement response initiated and coordinated by the central nervous system

4. Reaction Time The time it takes to complete the information processing stage is known as ________ ______ The time it takes to complete the information processing stage is known as ________ ______ Reaction time is the time ________ detecting a cue and initiating a response to it Reaction time is the time ________ detecting a cue and initiating a response to it Movement time is the ______ time it takes to complete the movement Movement time is the ______ time it takes to complete the movement Response time is the time taken from the onset of a cue to the completion of the movement Response time is the time taken from the onset of a cue to the completion of the movement Response Time = Reaction Time + Movement Time Response Time = Reaction Time + Movement Time See figure 1.20, page 31 See figure 1.20, page 31

5. Types of Reaction Time Simple reaction time Simple reaction time Only ______ appropriate response to the stimulus Only ______ appropriate response to the stimulus Therefore, this is the fastest reaction time Therefore, this is the fastest reaction time Eg: Gun going off at start of swimming race Eg: Gun going off at start of swimming race Choice reaction time Choice reaction time Several stimuli, therefore _______ appropriate responses Several stimuli, therefore _______ appropriate responses Slower Slower Single channel hypothesis used Single channel hypothesis used Are your responses quicker for sight, sound or touch stimuli? Are your responses quicker for sight, sound or touch stimuli? Eg: Team sports – who do I kick to? What type of pass do I use? Eg: Team sports – who do I kick to? What type of pass do I use?

6. Influences on Reaction Time Age Age Gender Gender Intensity of the stimulus Intensity of the stimulus Number of choices Number of choices Warning signals Warning signals Probability of the signal occurring Probability of the signal occurring Psychological refractory period Psychological refractory period Stimulus-response period Stimulus-response period

7. Age & Gender Age Age Fastest between 19 and 30 years of age Fastest between 19 and 30 years of age Increases after that (slows down) Increases after that (slows down) Gender Gender Males tend to have quicker reaction times Males tend to have quicker reaction times Although, male reaction time tends to slow down at a quicker rate Although, male reaction time tends to slow down at a quicker rate

8. Intensity of the Stimulus & Number of Choices Intensity of the stimulus (or cue) Intensity of the stimulus (or cue) Think back to our senses, same principle applies Think back to our senses, same principle applies Strong, large and bright cues are easier to detect Strong, large and bright cues are easier to detect Number of choices Number of choices Hick’s Law: Reaction time __________ as the number of choices increases Hick’s Law: Reaction time __________ as the number of choices increases See figure 1.22, page 33 See figure 1.22, page 33

9. Warning Signals & Probability of the Signal Occurring Warning signals Warning signals If present it reduces the reaction time If present it reduces the reaction time Eg: “On your marks”, “Set”, …”Go” Eg: “On your marks”, “Set”, …”Go” Probability of the signal occurring Probability of the signal occurring If you know a cue is coming you can __________, thus reducing your reaction time If you know a cue is coming you can __________, thus reducing your reaction time Eg: You know that if the bowler goes wide on the crease that they will bowl a bouncer Eg: You know that if the bowler goes wide on the crease that they will bowl a bouncer You have learnt this from past experiences You have learnt this from past experiences

10. Psychological Refractory Period Also known as successive cues Also known as successive cues The brain only processes one cue at a time, but in many sports you have to respond to _____ cues in succession The brain only processes one cue at a time, but in many sports you have to respond to _____ cues in succession The time between the brain reacting to the first and second cue is called the psychological refractory period The time between the brain reacting to the first and second cue is called the psychological refractory period You are committed to processing the first cue, before your brain can process the second cue You are committed to processing the first cue, before your brain can process the second cue This is why the ‘fake’ can be an excellent play in many sports This is why the ‘fake’ can be an excellent play in many sports

11. Stimulus-Response Compatibility It is the degree of cohesion between the stimulus presented and the response performed It is the degree of cohesion between the stimulus presented and the response performed If compatibility is high then the reaction will be faster If compatibility is high then the reaction will be faster Eg: Netball players are used to the umpire blowing whistle to start. If the umpire instead says “play” then the player will take Eg: Netball players are used to the umpire blowing whistle to start. If the umpire instead says “play” then the player will take longer to react because it is less compatible

12. Feedback Information a performer receives about how a skill was __________ Information a performer receives about how a skill was __________ Available to the athlete ________, _______ and _______ the performance Available to the athlete ________, _______ and _______ the performance Can be from the performer or the coach Can be from the performer or the coach Main roles Main roles Motivate Motivate Reinforce Reinforce Change the performance Change the performance

13. Types of Feedback Using your text (page 35) define the following in your own words Using your text (page 35) define the following in your own words Internal feedback Internal feedback External feedback External feedback Augmented feedback Augmented feedback Positive feedback Positive feedback Continuous feedback Continuous feedback Terminal feedback Terminal feedback Knowledge of results Knowledge of results Knowledge of performance Knowledge of performance

14. Feedback and the Learner Stage of learning Stage of learning Cognitive: needs knowledge of results Cognitive: needs knowledge of results Not too much augmented feedback Not too much augmented feedback Associative: needs knowledge of performance Associative: needs knowledge of performance Precision of feedback Precision of feedback Needs to be precise, specific, accurate, meaningful Needs to be precise, specific, accurate, meaningful Eg: “Great swing” or “You rotated your chest and kept your arms extended, well done” Eg: “Great swing” or “You rotated your chest and kept your arms extended, well done” Timing of feedback Timing of feedback Needs to be given _______ after the performance Needs to be given _______ after the performance Don’t have to receive feedback for every performance Don’t have to receive feedback for every performance Performers can generally internally self-analyse a skill Performers can generally internally self-analyse a skill