1. Classification  Aim  To gain an understanding of the binomial system of Classification, and the differences between the major divisions, Kingdoms and Phyla.  To understand the Classification of organisms within an Ecosystem in terms of Trophic Levels.  Additional Reading Environmental Engineering, Gerard Kiely.Biology of Freshwater, Kiely, Gerard Maitland, Peter.S. Fundamentals of aquatic ecology R.S.K. Barnes and K.H. Mann. 2nd Edition

2. Classification of Organisms  Why Classify?  Continuity amongst Researchers  Types of Classification  Taxonomy  Scientific study of Classification and Nomenclature  Phylogeny  Ordering of species into groups having Evolutionary similarities.  Classification by Function  Individuals as part of an Ecosystem

3. Kingdoms of Organisms  2 - Kingdom System  Animals  Plants  3 - Kingdom System  Animals  Plants  Protista  5 - Kingdom System  Monera  Protista  Fungi  Animalia  Plantae

4. Classification of Organisms  Animals, Plants and Microorganisms are arranged in groups which are themselves part of Larger Groups.  Hierarchical System = “Family Tree” Kingdom Class Phylum Order Family Genus species Individual organisms have a name from each of the Taxonomic levels. Nomenclature devised by Linnaeus e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae species

5. Classification of Organisms  Importance of the Major Divisions - The Eukaryotic Phyla KingdomPhylum ProtistaProtozoa (Rhizopoda, ciliata etc) Euglenophta(Algae) Chlorophyta(Algae) etc. AnimaliaArthropoda(750,000sp, Insecta, Arachnida Crustacea, Ostracoda, Copopda) Mollusca(snails, bivalves) Aschelminths(Rotifera) Annelida(polychaete worms) etc. Chordata Class - (Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, mammalia)

6. Biological Classification Conventions Animals Bacteria ManMosquitoTyphoidGut Bacteria Taxon PhylumChordataArthropodaProcaryotaProcaryota ClassMammaliaInsectaSelizomycetesSelizomycetes OrderPrimatesDipteraEubacterialesEubacteriales FamilyHominidaeCulcidaeEnterbacteriaceaeEnterbacteriaceae GenusHomoCulexSalmonellaEscherichia Speciessapiensquinquefascienstyphicoli Lower ranks based on biochemical similarities. For EE, more important to be able to classify organisms at Kingdom, Phyla and possibly Class levels.

7. Phylogeny  Ancestor-Descendant (hypothetical)  Classical Methods  Phenotypic - morphology, behaviour, cytology.  Biochemical Methods  gram stain - Peptidoglycan  nutritional requirements, metabolism  Protein Analysis - cytochrome C, haemoglobin.  Lipid Analysis  Nucleic Acid Analysis  GC Ratios

8. Phylogeny  Nucleic Acid Analysis (continued)  DNA-DNA hybridisation  reflects sequence similarity  useful for species and genus level comparisons  Ribosomal RNA Sequencing 16S and 18S  very powerful technique  data can be processed mathematically  sequence highly conserved (< 97% indicates a different species)  Molecular Clock  Precise Phylogenetic Trees

9. Trophic Pyramids  Pyramids of Numbers Primary Producers are small (e.g. algae) Primary Producers are large (e.g. Tree) However, Biomass of aquatic organisms varies greatly Escherichia0.4 x 10 -12 gBacteria Paramecium0.4 x 10 -9 gProtozoa Penicillin1 x 10 -7 gFungus Daphnia1 x 10 -3 g Invertebrate Salmo> 100 gFish  Is better to produce Pyramids of Biomass. Still gives pyramid shape, but with steeper slopes.  Is better still to produce Pyramids of Metabolic Contribution (Energy) Primary Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers Primary Producer Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers

10. Metabolic Pyramid in Food Webs  Use the Productivity per unit Biomass  Smaller organisms have higher metabolic rates Bacteria10 -12 greproduce 50 x bodyweight/d Protozoa10 -9 greproduce 1 - 10 x bodyweight/d zooplankton10 -3 greproduce 0.1 x bodyweight/d fish100 greproduce 0.01 x bodyweight/d  Productivity/Biomass Ratio  Combine P/B with Enumeration data for members within a Trophic level to give best estimate of its Metabolic Contribution (Energy).  Diversity of Organisms.  Number of species in the Community  Ecological Efficiency (5 - 15%)  Key Indicator in monitoring the ‘Condition’ of natural environments (rivers, lakes) and of STP.

11. Decomposer Food Chain

12. Energy and Nutrient Flow

13. Energy - Export, Import, Recycling.

14. Trophic Pyramids

15. Energy Flows -Hydraulic Model

16. Food Pyramids