2. Circulation

3. Circulatory System Carries blood & related cells through body Move nutrients Move gases Move wastes Fight disease Maintain temperature Maintain homeostatis

4. No Circulatory System Osmosis & diffusion Exchanges across cell membrane Protozoans Exchanges across epidermal & gut walls Cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms Exchanges with coelomic fluids Echinoderms

5. Open Circulatory System Most mollusks, all arthropods Heart, open vessels Hemolymph Colorless No respiratory pigments Doesn’t transport gasses Hemocoel Hemocyanin Pigment in most mollusks, some arthropods 25% as efficient as hemoglobin Efficient due to lack of gas transport

6. Closed Circulatory System Annelids, cephalopods, all vertebraes Blood confined to heart & blood vessels Capillaries—site of exchange Hemoglobin Gas & nutrient carrier Specialized organs for gas exchange

7. Closed Circulatory System 2 Chambered Heart Sharks, fish One atrium, one ventricle 3 Chambered Heart Amphibians, reptiles Two atria, one ventricle Oxygenated & deoxygenated blood mix 4 Chambered Heart Alligators/crocodiles, birds, mammals Two atria, two ventricles Oxygenated & deoxygenated blood separate

9. Closed Circulatory System

10. Heart Atria Thin-walled Receive blood from veins Ventricles Thick-walled Receive blood from atria Pump blood to lungs/gills & body Atrioventricular valves Tricuspid—Right atrium & ventricle Mitral (bicuspid)—Left atrium & ventricle Semilunar valves Pulmonary—Right atrium & pulmonary artery Aortic—Left atrium & aorta

12. Veins Right AtriumRight Ventricle Pulmonary Artery Lungs (Oxygenated) Pulmonary VeinLeft AtriumLeft ventricleAortaBody Capillaries (Deoxygenated)

13. Circulation

14. Blood Vessels Arteries Carry blood away from heart Usually carry oxygenated blood Thick, muscular walls Arterioles Smaller arteries Regulate blood pressure through constriction & dilation

15. Blood Vessels Capillaries Simple squamous epithelium Most numerous vessels Site of nutrient & gas exchange

16. Blood Vessels Veins Carry blood towards heart Usually carry unoxygenated blood Thin walls Low blood pressure One-way valves Blood moves by muscle contraction

17. Blood Plasma 90% water Ions, gasses, nutrients, proteins, wastes Transport medium Approximately 55% of total blood volume Cells White, red, platelets Made in red marrow

18. Blood Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) Contain hemoglobin Non-nucleated in mammals Live 120 days Thrombocytes (platelets) Blood clotting Live 7 days

19. Leukocytes (white blood cells, WBCs) Neutrophils 40-75% Phagocytize bacteria, fungi Lymphocytes 20-45% Cells w/ viruses & bacteria Tumor cells Monocytes 2-6% Bacteria, fungi, cellular debris Eosinophils 1-6% Parasites, allergies Basophils <1% Allergies

20. Blood Types Antigens on surface of RBCs Body “reads” these, develops antibodies to any not “self” At next exposure, antibodies attach, causing clumping Blood groups vary by animals Humans—4 A, B, AB, O Cats—3 A (vast majority), B, AB Dogs—8 DEA 1-8 (DEA 4 & 6 on 98%) Horses—8 A, C, D, K, P, Q, T, U

21. Blood Types ABO—Humans Type O 45% of population Neither A nor B antigen Anti-A, Anti-B Receive only from O “Universal donor” Type A 41% of population A antigen Anti-B Receive from A or O Type B 10% of population B antigen Anti-A Receive from B or O Type AB 4% of popuation A and B antigen No antibodies “Universal recipient”

22. Blood Types Rhesus factor Rh positive—have antigen (85%) Rh negative—do not have antigen, produce anti-Rh antibodies (15%) If mother is Rh - and baby is Rh+, her antibodies can attack baby’s RBCs First child usually normal

23. Lymphatic System Collects excessive fluid filtered out in capillaries Returns excessive water & solutes to blood stream Movement due to valves, muscle contraction

24. Lymphatic System Functions as part of immune system Lymph nodes Destroy pathogens & cellular debris Cells rapidly divide with infecion Spleen Filters pathogens Filters dead or dying RBCs