1. Chapter 37: Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

2. Circulation: Structure and Function
Consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood
TRANSPORTATION
Cells need to get nutrients and oxygen and get rid of wastes

3. Heart: parts Hollow muscular organ that pumps blood
Enclosed by a protective layer called the pericardium
The thick layer of muscle is called the myocardium
Upper chambers are called the atria (where blood collects)
Lower chambers are the ventricles (muscular chambers from which blood exits)

4. Heart terminology Veins go to the heart
Arteries go away from the heart
Capillaries join the two and bring blood close to cells
Pulmonary circulation refers to blood going to and from the lungs
Systemic circulation refers to circulation to the rest of the body
One-way valves in the heart keep circulation efficient

5. Blood Flow through the Heart
Low oxygenated blood flows into the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava
As the heart contracts the blood flows into the right ventricle and out the pulmonary arteries (to the lungs)
Oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium through the pulmonary veins
As the heart contracts the blood flows into the left ventricle and out the aorta to the rest of the body
See page 945

7. Blood vessels Arteries: Super highways, large, and muscular
Carry oxygenated blood
(except pulm. art.)
Veins:
Large and muscular
contain valves and return blood to heart
Capillaries:
Smallest with walls only one-cell thick
Bring oxygen and nutrients to tissues and absorb CO2
“Side streets and alley ways”

9. Blood Body contains about 4-6 liters 45% consists of cells
Red blood cells called erythrocytes transport oxygen (hemoglobin)
White blood cells called leukocytes fight infection
Platelets are cell fragments that aid in clotting
55% consists of straw colored fluid called plasma
90% water
Contains albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen

11. Lymphatic System
Consists of a network of vessels, nodes, and organs that collects fluid that is lost by the blood and returns it to the circ. sys.
The fluid is called lymph and travels in vessels and sometimes collect in lymph nodes (p 955) which can act as filters
The thymus and spleen contribute to fighting infections along with the lymphatic system

12. Summary

13. Respiratory System
Function: to bring about exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood, air and tissues
Parts:
Air flows from the mouth and nose into the pharynx, larynx (voice box), then trachea, bronchus tubes, bronchioles, and finally alveoli (air sacs surrounded by capillaries)
Cilia and mucus act as filters along the pathway

14. Respiratory System diagram

16. Breathing
Movement of air into (inspiration) and out of (expiration) the lungs
Process is driven by air pressure (p 959):
When diaphragm contracts, air comes in
When diaphragm relaxes, air is exhaled

18. Cellular Respiration
O2 + C6H12O6  CO2 + H2O and ATP