1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D. H UMAN P HYSIOLOGY PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Dr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University AN INTEGRATED APPROACH T H I R D E D I T I O N Chapter 14, part A Cardiovascular Physiology

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings About this Chapter Blood flow pumping & distribution Anatomy and histology of the heart Mechanism of cardiac contraction Heart beat sequence–how the pump works Regulators of hear beat and volume pumped

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Heart and Blood vessels Products transported to sustain all cells Overview of the Cardiosvascular System Table 14-1: Transport in the Cardiovascular System

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Circulation Reviewed Heart – "four chambered" Right atrium & ventricle Pulmonary circuit Left atrium & ventricle Systemic circuit Blood Vessels – "closed circulation" Arteries –from heart Capillaries– cell exchange Veins – to heart

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Circulation Reviewed Figure 14-1: Overview of circulatory system anatomy PLAY Animation: Cardiovascular System: Anatomy Review: The Heart

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Flows down a pressure gradient Highest at the heart (driving P), decreases over distance Hydrostatic (really hydraulic) pressure in vessels Decreases 90% from aorta to vena cava Blood Flow: Pressure Changes

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Flow: Pressure Changes Figure 14-2 : Pressure gradient in the blood vessels

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Flow rate: (L/min) Flow velocity = rate/C-S area of vessel Resistance slows flow Vessel diameter Blood viscosity Tube length Some Physic of Fluid Movement: Blood Flow Figure 14-4 c: Pressure differences of static and flowing fluid

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Some Physic of Fluid Movement: Blood Flow Figure 14-6: Flow rate versus velocity of flow

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pericardium Chambers Coronary vessels Valves- (one-way-flow) Myocardium Heart Structure Figure 14-7 g: ANATOMY SUMMARY: The Heart

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Autorhythmic Myocardial Intercalated discs Desmosomes Gap Junctions Fast signals Cell to cell Many mitochondria Large T tubes Cardiac Muscle Cells: Figure 14-10: Cardiac muscle

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mechanism of Cardiac Muscle Excitation, Contraction & Relaxation Figure 14-11: Excitation-contraction coupling and relaxation in cardiac muscle

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Graded Contraction: proportional to crossbridges formed More [Ca++]: crossbridges, more force & speed Autonomic n & epinephrine modulation Modulation of Contraction

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Modulation of Contraction Figure 14-12: Modulation of cardiac contraction by catecholamines

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stretch-length relationship  stretch,  Ca++ entering  contraction force Long action potential Long refractory period No summation No tetanus More Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle Contraction

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings More Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle Contraction Figure 14-13: Length-tension relationships in skeletal and cardiac muscle

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings More Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle Contraction Figure 14-15c: Refractory periods and summation in skeletal and cardiac muscle