1. Reuse and Semantic Interoperability Multiple working groups shouldn't redefine-basic concepts –Undermines semantic interoperability across domains and systems –Varying quality of individual models –Limits downstream extensibility Ontology-based formalizations offer more rigor –Typically leverage work of broader community of interests –Designed for reuse and extensibility –Generally reflect more thorough, higher-quality modeling –Reuse of Upper and Mid-level ontologies improves semantic alignment of Domain-Level ontologies and resulting implementations

2. Examples of Time Formalization HL-7* –Time taxonomy fragment –TimingEvent model WordNet –Time (Verb) –Time (Noun) SUMO –Process Examples *See Patrick Cassidy notes: http://ontolog.cim3.net/forum/health-ont/2005-02/msg00011.htmlhttp://ontolog.cim3.net/forum/health-ont/2005-02/msg00011.html

3. HL-7 Timing Event Model TypeConcept IDMnemonicDescription L: (AC)10708ACBefore meal (from lat.ante cibus) L: (ACD)10712ACDBefore lunch (from lat.ante cibus diurnus) L: (ACM)10711ACMBefore breakfast (from lat. Ante cibus matutinus) L: (ACV)10713ACVBefore dinner (from lat. Ante cibus vespertinus) L: (HS)10707HSThe hour of sleep (e.b., H18-22) L: (IC)10710ICBetween meals (from lat. Inter cibus) L: (ICD)10718ICDBetween lunch and dinner L: (ICM)10717ICMBetween breakfast and lunch L: (ICV)10719ICVBetween dinner and the hour or sleep L: (PC)10709PCAfter meal (from lat. post cibus) L: (PCD)10715PCDAfter lunch (from lat. post cibus diurnus) L: (PCM)10714PCMAfter breakfast (from lat. post cibus matutinus) L: (PCV)10716PCVAfter dinner (from lat. Post cibus vespertinus)

4. Time Representation in HL7 The following was selected from the HL-7 taxonomy: DataTypeDataValue DataTypeInterval –DataTypeIntervalOfPhysicalQuantities –DataTypeIntervalOfPointsInTime DataTypeEventRelatedInterval DataTypeGeneralTimingSpecification DataTypePeriodicIntervalOfTime DataTypeQuantity –DataTypePhysicalQuantity DataTypeParametricProbabilityDistributionOfPhysicalQuantities –DataTypePointInTime

5. WordNet Time (Verb) 1.S: (v) clock, time (measure the time or duration of an event or action or the person who performs an action in a certain period of time) "he clocked the runners" 2.S: (v) time (assign a time for an activity or event) "The candidate carefully timed his appearance at the disaster scene" 3.S: (v) time (set the speed, duration, or execution of) "we time the process to manufacture our cars very precisely" 4.S: (v) time (regulate or set the time of) "time the clock" 5.S: (v) time (adjust so that a force is applied and an action occurs at the desired time) "The good player times his swing so as to hit the ball squarely From http://wordnet.princeton.edu/

6. WordNet Time (Noun) 1.S: (n) time, clip (an instance or single occasion for some event) "this time he succeeded"; "he called four times"; "he could do ten at a clip" 2.S: (n) time (an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities)) "he waited a long time"; "the time of year for planting"; "he was a great actor is his time" 3.S: (n) time (a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something) "take time to smell the roses"; "I didn't have time to finish"; "it took more than half my time" 4.S: (n) time (a suitable moment) "it is time to go" 5.S: (n) time (the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past) 6.S: (n) clock time, time (the time as given by a clock) "do you know what time it is?"; "the time is 10 o'clock" 7.S: (n) fourth dimension, time (the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event) 8.S: (n) time (a person's experience on a particular occasion) "he had a time holding back the tears"; "they had a good time together" 9.S: (n) meter, metre, time (rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration) 10.S: (n) prison term, sentence, time (the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned) "he served a prison term of 15 months"; "his sentence was 5 to 10 years"; "he is doing time in the county jail"

7. Time Representation in SUMO WordNet N1 maps to SUMO Process Appearance as argument number 1 –documentation Process "Intuitively, the class of things that happen and have temporal parts or stages. Examples include extended events like a football match or a race, actions like Pursuing and Reading, and biological processes. The formal definition is: anything that lasts for a time but is not an Object. Note that a Process may have participants 'inside' it which are Objects, such as the players in a football match. In a 4D ontology, a Process is something whose spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into temporal stages roughly perpendicular to the time-axis. –subclass Process Physical From http://sigma2.cim3.net:8080/sigma/Browse.jsp?term=Process&kb=SUMO

8. SUMO Process Examples Appearance as argument number 2 (1 of 5) –subclass DualObjectProcess Process dual object process is a subclass of process Appearance as argument number 3 (1 of 27) –domain agent 1 Process the number 1 argument of agent is an instance of process

9. SUMO Process Examples Antecedent (1 of 4) (=> (and (instance ?PROC Process) (subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC)) (exists (?TIME) (time ?SUBPROC ?TIME))) –if ?PROC is an instance of process and ?SUBPROC is a subprocess of ?PROC, then there exists ?TIME so that ?SUBPROC exists during ?TIME

10. Questions to consider Ontolog groups focus on interoperability needs of NHIN & FHA architects, –How should ontologies enable the interoperability of patient health records? –How should existing and prospective health domain ontologies and taxonomies be aligned with upper ontologies to improve the accuracy of conceptual information transfer ? –Especially among systems using different domain knowledge representations.