1. Semantic Interoperability & Semantic Models: Introduction
Dr. Leo Obrst
MITRE
Information Semantics
Center for Innovative Computing & Informatics
March 27, 2017

2. Tightness of Coupling & Semantic Explicitness
Explicit, Loose
Far
Performance = k / Integration_Flexibility
Modal Policies
Internet
Semantic Mappings
Semantic Brokers
OWL-S
Agent Programming
RDF/S, OWL
Peer-to-peer
Semantics Explicitness
Web Services: UDDI, WSDL
Web Services: SOAP
XML, XML Schema
Data
Applets
Community
Application
N-Tier Architecture EAI
Workflow Ontologies
Same Intranet
Conceptual Models
Middleware Web
Enterprise
Data Marts
Same Wide Area Network Client-Server
Data Warehouses
Same Local Area Network
Federated DBs
Distributed Systems OOP
Systems of Systems
Same DBMS
Same OS
Same
Address
Space
Same CPU
Linking
From Synchronous Interaction to Asynchronous Communication
Same Programming Language
Same Process Space
Compiling
1 System: Small Set of Developers
Local
Implicit, TIGHT
Looseness of Coupling

3. Semantic Integration Implies Semantic Composition
Complex Semantic Model, Knowledge,
System Integration & Composition
Unification of complex networks of graph
Structures, with complex reasoning, complex
Semantic Web ontologies:
Complexity 
Simple Semantic Model, Knowledge
Integration & Composition
Unification of tree or graph structures,
with reasoning, simple Semantic Web
ontologies: 
2010
Simple Syntactic Object Integration
& Composition
Alignment of embedded interface
definition language statements mapping
two CORBA, Javabean objects
2005
1998
Time
Simple Procedure Integration &
Composition
Concatenation, alignment of calling
Procedure with called procedure:
Caller: Do_this (integer: 5, string: “sales”)
Called: Do_this (integer: X, string: Y)
1960
 - signifies the composition operation

4. Dimensions of Interoperability & Integration
Our interest lies here
Community
Enterprise
6 Levels of Interoperability
System
Semantic
Application
Component
Syntactic
Structural
Object
Data
3 Kinds of Integration 0%
100%
Interoperability Scale

5. Ontology Spectrum strong semantics Logical Theory Conceptual Model
Modal Logic
First Order Logic
Logical Theory
Is Disjoint Subclass of with transitivity property
Description Logic
From less to more expressive
DAML+OIL, OWL
UML
Conceptual Model
Is Subclass of
RDF/S
Semantic Interoperability
XTM
Extended ER
Thesaurus
Has Narrower Meaning Than ER
DB Schemas, XML Schema
Structural Interoperability
Taxonomy
Is Sub-Classification of
Relational
Model, XML
Syntactic Interoperability
weak semantics 1

6. Ontology Spectrum strong semantics Logical Theory Conceptual Model
Modal Logic
First Order Logic
Problem: Very General
Semantic Expressivity: Very High
Problem: Local
Semantic Expressivity: Low
Problem: General
Semantic Expressivity: Medium
Semantic Expressivity: High
Logical Theory
Is Disjoint Subclass of with transitivity property
Description Logic
From less to more expressive
DAML+OIL, OWL
UML
Conceptual Model
Is Subclass of
RDF/S
Semantic Interoperability
XTM
Extended ER
Thesaurus
Has Narrower Meaning Than ER
DB Schemas, XML Schema
Structural Interoperability
Taxonomy
Is Sub-Classification of
Relational
Model, XML
Syntactic Interoperability
weak semantics 1

7. Backup

8. Ontology Spectrum strong semantics Logic Spectrum will cover this area
Modal Logic
First Order Logic
Logical Theory
Is Disjoint Subclass of with transitivity property
Description Logic
From less to more expressive
DAML+OIL, OWL
UML
Conceptual Model
Is Subclass of
RDF/S
Semantic Interoperability
XTM
Extended ER
Thesaurus
Has Narrower Meaning Than ER
DB Schemas, XML Schema
Structural Interoperability
Taxonomy
Is Sub-Classification of
Relational
Model, XML
Syntactic Interoperability
weak semantics 1

9. Higher Order Logic (HOL) Second Order Logic (SOL)
Logic Spectrum: Classical Logics: PL to HOL
most expressive
SOL + Complex Types + Higher-order Predicates (i.e., those that take one or more other predicates as arguments)
Higher Order Logic (HOL)
From less to more expressive Logics
Second Order Logic (SOL)
Modal Predicate Logic (Quantified Modal Logic)
FOL + Quantifiers (, ) over Predicates
FOL + Modal operators
First-Order Logic (FOL): Predicate Logic, Predicate Calculus
PL + Predicates + Functions + Individuals + Quantifiers (, ) over Individuals
Logic Programming (Horn Clauses)
Syntactic Restriction of FOL
Description Logics
Decidable fragments of FOL: unary predicates (concepts) & binary relations (roles) [max 3 vars]
Modal Propositional Logic
PL + Modal operators (, ): necessity/possibility, obligatory/permitted, future/past, etc. Axiomatic systems: K, D, T, B, S4, S5
Propositional Logic (PL)
Substructural Logics: focus on structural rules
Propositions (True/False) + Logical Connectives (, , , , )
less expressive 1