2. Clostridium

3. See Lecture Handouts

5. Spores  Clostridium form endospores under adverse environmental conditions  Spores are a survival mechanism  Spores are characterized on the basis of position, size and shape  Most Clostridium spp., including C. perfringens and C. botulinum, have ovoid subterminal (OST) spores  C. tetani have round terminal (RT) spores

6. Clostridium Associated Human Disease

7. Clostridium perfringens

9. Summary of C. perfringens Infections

10. Micro & Macroscopic C. perfringens NOTE: Large rectangular gram-positive bacilli Inner beta-hemolysis = θ toxin Outer alpha-hemolysis = α toxin NOTE: Double zone of hemolysis

11. Summary of C. perfringens Infections (cont.)

12. Clostridial Cellulitis

13. C. perfringens Virulence Factors Major Minor

14. Exotoxins Associated with C. perfringens Types A-E Major

15. C. perfringens Nagler Reaction NOTE: Lecithinase ( α-toxin; phospholipase) hydrolyzes phospholipids in egg-yolk agar around streak on right. Antibody against α-toxin inhibits activity around left streak.

16. Clostridium tetani

18. Summary of C. tetani Infections

19. Summary of Clostridium tetani Infections (cont.)

20. Clostridium tetani Gram Stain NOTE: Round terminal spores give cells a “drumstick” or “tennis racket” appearance.

21. Clinical Forms of Tetanus

22. Opisthotonos in Tetanus Patient

23. Risus Sardonicus in Tetanus Patient

24. Mechanism of Action of Tetanus Toxin

25. Clostridium botulinum

26. Summary of C. botulinum Infections

27. Summary of C. botulinum Infections (cont.)

29. Mechanism of Action of Botulinum Toxin

30. Rates of Isolation of C. botulinum and Botulinum Toxin

31. Clostridium dificile

32. Summary of C. dificile Infections

33. Summary of C. dificile Infections (cont.)

34. Antibiotic- Associated Colitis Plaque

35. Antibiotic-Associated Colitis

36. C. dificile Virulence Factors

37. Other Clostridium

38. Virulence Factors Associated with Other Clostridium

40. REVIEW Clostridium

41. REVIEW

42. See Lecture Handouts REVIEW

43. Spores  Clostridium form endospores under adverse environmental conditions  Spores are a survival mechanism  Spores are characterized on the basis of position, size and shape  Most Clostridium spp., including C. perfringens and C. botulinum, have ovoid subterminal (OST) spores  C. tetani have round terminal (RT) spores REVIEW

44. Review of Clostridium perfringens REVIEW

46. Micro & Macroscopic C. perfringens NOTE: Large rectangular gram-positive bacilli Inner beta-hemolysis = θ toxin Outer alpha-hemolysis = α toxin NOTE: Double zone of hemolysis REVIEW

47. C. perfringens Virulence Factors Major Minor REVIEW

48. Exotoxins Associated with C. perfringens Types A-E Major REVIEW

49. C. perfringens Nagler Reaction NOTE: Lecithinase ( α-toxin; phospholipase) hydrolyzes phospholipids in egg-yolk agar around streak on right. Antibody against α-toxin inhibits activity around left streak. REVIEW

50. Review of Clostridium tetani

51. REVIEW

52. Clostridium tetani Gram Stain NOTE: Round terminal spores give cells a “drumstick” or “tennis racket” appearance. REVIEW

53. Clinical Forms of Tetanus REVIEW

54. Mechanism of Action of Tetanus Toxin REVIEW

55. Review of Clostridium botulinum

56. REVIEW

57. Mechanism of Action of Botulinum Toxin REVIEW

58. Review of Clostridium dificile

59. Summary of C. dificile Infections REVIEW

60. Summary of C. dificile Infections (cont.) REVIEW