1. Vaccine Basics
Growing Herd
Mature Herd

2. Understand What We’re Up Against
How are cattle (the ultimate recyclers) raised?
over 90 million cattle in U.S. …
50% from herds less than 30 …
90% beef & 10% dairy … of the beef …
2 years from birth to food supply
40% in breeding herds
30% grazing
30% harvested each year
ALL in OPEN AIR ENVIROMENT !!! … wildlife
deer, coyotes, raccoons, birds, rodents, insects, …

3. Cattle Health / Disease Prevention … in the “real world”
Cattle Health / Disease Prevention … in the “real world”? Can you say “A-RITS”

4. Biosecurity Basics for Livestock Operations
Biosecurity is a practice designed to prevent the spread of disease by minimizing the movement of biologic organisms (viruses, bacteria, rodents, etc.) onto and within an operation.
Biosecurity can be very difficult to maintain because of the very complex interrelationships between management, biologic organisms and biosecurity.
Biocontainment maybe the only practical control for many diseases.
While developing and maintaining biosecurity is difficult it is the cheapest, most effective means of disease control available and no disease prevention program will work without it.

5. Health - Disease Complex Interactions

6. Immunology-Vaccine Principles, Optimizing Vaccination, FPT Effects

7. IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES: definitions
INJECTION: to force a fluid into (antibiotic, vitamin, vaccine, etc.)
VACCINATION: inject with a vaccine
IMMUNIZATION: to render not affected or responsive
(protected from disease due to infection)

8. IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES
INJECTION = VACCINATION
VACCINATION ≠ IMMUNIZATION
IMMUNIZATION REQUIRES….
Effective vaccine
Immunocompetent calf

9. IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES
For VACCINATION = IMMUNIZATION
requires an IMMUNE RESPONSE
IMMUNE REPONSE Cognition … Self from Non-Self & Presentation Activation … Clonal Expansion & Differentiation Effect … Killing Virus Infected Cell & Antibody Prod.

10. Immune System Diagram

11. Immune System At Work

12. IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES:
USING THIS INFORMATION …
make sure your clients have the ingredients for a protective immune response …
EFFECTIVE VACCINE + RESPONSIVE CALF
mounting an immune response has a METABOLIC COST
mounting an immune response is complicated & subject to…
SUPPRESSION
mounting an immune response… TAKES TIME

13. OPTIMIZING VACCINATION:
Herd Immunity*
Right Bug??
Vaccine Handling
Vaccine Delivery
Timing***
Challenge Dose*
Calf Maturity**
Nutrition*?
Parasites*?
Genetics?
Distress*
Animal Husbandry … COUNTS

14. OPTIMIZING VACCINATION:
Herd Immunity
Vaccine can be “working” even if individual cattle are diseased
Works well with highly contagious diseases (e.g. IBR, Brucellosis)
Not as effective with lowly contagious diseases (e.g. tetanus)

15. OPTIMIZING VACCINATION:
“Right” Bug
Disease complexes
e.g.. Viral BRD: IBR, BVD, BRSV, PI3
adenovirus, coronavirus, rhinovirus, enterovirus, reovirus, MCF virus.
Changes in the bugs
(antigenic instability)
e.g.. BVD, influenza virus
most are fairly stable

16. OPTIMIZING VACCINATION:
Vaccine Handling
Temperature abuse
Ultraviolet light (sunlight)
Disinfectants
Vaccine Delivery
Subcutaneous when available
Intramuscular in neck only
Proper restraint
Correct needle size & length
Needle changes
Sanitation
Timing
BRD incubation time 7 to 10 days
Immune response takes days …or longer
Peaks in 2 to 4 weeks ... Best if repeated

17. Vaccine Titers

18. OPTIMIZING VACCINATION:
Challenge Dose
Even a normally protective level of immunity can be overwhelmed…
This is bad …but disease may not last as long or be as severe.
But could be good if vaccine overcomes protection to improve immunity (booster and maternal block)

19. Challenge Diagram

20. Challenge – Immunization Diagram

21. OPTIMIZING VACCINATION:
Calf Factors
-- Maturity -- Genetics
-- History
(parasites, nutrition, previous vaccines)

22. Colostrum Absorption

23. Immunity vs Age

24. OPTIMIZING VACCINATION:
Distress
some are inevitable
many are avoidable
ELIMINATE the avoidable
SHIFT the inevitable so they don’t all happen at the same time

25. Response to Stress: Stress plays a large part in the disease

26. OPTIMIZING VACCINATION:
Calf Factors
PREEXPOSURE IMMUNIZATION
giving the vaccine before disease challenge & immunosuppression instead of after disease challenge & during immunosuppression
reduces sickness & death

27. OPTIMIZING VACCINATION:
PRE-EXPOSURE IMMUNIZATION
Will rarely make disease rate = zero
If disease rate is low, hard to see effect
Effectiveness ≠ Cost effectiveness

28. Vaccine Titers

29. Colostrum Absorption Normal Passive Transfer (NPT)
… >1600 mg/dl (TPP >7%)
Partial Failure of Passive Transfer (PFPT)
… 800 to 1600 mg/dl (TPP 5 to 7%)
Failure of Passive Transfer (FPT)
… <800 mg/dl (TPP <5 %)

30. NEONATAL SICKNESS rates by passive transfer status in 263 calves ( ) … P<0.05, FPT OR=6.4)

31. Prevention … is key Treatment salvages only part of the loss
Immune preparation …
Need an effective vaccine

32. Killed vaccines (KV) and toxoids
Subunit vaccines are a type of killed vaccine
Autogenous bacterial vaccines
Modified live vaccines (MLV) contain live altered
Chemically altered vaccines contain modified live

33. Killed Vaccines (KV) and Toxoids
Advantages:
Available for a wide variety of diseases
No risk of reverting to virulent form
No risk of vaccine organism spreading between animals
Little risk of causing abortion
More stable in storage
No on-farm mixing, therefore less risk of contamination
Excellent stimulant of passive antibodies in colostrum

34. Killed Vaccines (KV) and Toxoids
Disadvantages:
More likely to cause allergic reactions and post vaccination lumps
Two initial doses required at least 10 days apart
Slower onset of immunity
May not produce as strong or as long-lasting immunity as MLV products
Produce a narrower spectrum of protection than MLV products
Tend to be more expensive than MLV products

35. Modified Live Vaccines (MLV)
Advantages:
One initial dose is usually sufficient but additional booster doses may be required
More rapid protection than KV products
Produces a wider spectrum of protection than KV products
Less likely to cause allergic reactions or post vaccination lumps than KV products
Less susceptible to passive antibody vaccine block than KV products
Tend to be less expensive

36. Modified Live Vaccines (MLV)
Disadvantages:
Potential to mutate to a virulent form
Could exacerbate disease in immunosuppressed animals
Potential for excessive immune response
Some risk of causing abortion or transient infertility
Must be handled and mixed with additional care

37. Chemically Altered Vaccines
Advantages:
Share many characteristics of MLV products
Safety similar to KV products
More rapid protection than KV products
No risk of reverting to virulent form
Little risk of causing abortion

38. Chemically Altered Vaccines
Disadvantages:
Protection not as rapid as MLV products
Two initial doses required
May not produce as strong or as long-lasting immunity
Unless given on a mucus membrane, stimulates little or no mucosal immunity
Must be handled and mixed more carefully
Tend to be more expensive than modified live vaccines

39. USDA can grant one of five possible levels of protection:
Prevention of infection.
Prevention of disease.
Aid in disease prevention.
Aid in disease control.

40. Temperature Range 77 units (42.8%) had readings below 32 degrees
Clyde Lane
Temperature Range
77 units (42.8%) had readings below 32 degrees
38 units (21.1%) had readings above 45 degrees

41. Temperature Range Refrigeration units varied from 16.5 to 55.6 degrees
Clyde Lane
Temperature Range
Refrigeration units varied from to 55.6 degrees
Spread in temperature in a refrigeration unit
1.8 to 25.4 degrees

42. Retail Refrigerators 19,461 animal health products
Clyde Lane
Retail Refrigerators
19,461 animal health products
Less than ½ % were expired
16.1% contained food

43. Born to HEALTHY mothers!!! Born in CLEAN environment!!!
Keys to Healthy Calves
Born to HEALTHY mothers!!!
Born in CLEAN environment!!!
Three doses of ALL important vaccines before entering the herd
BVD Test Negative
Proper Body Condition Score … 6
Colostrum ASAP!!!
Move to clean pasture ASAP … AND
Keep in similar age groups 1st month. OR
Move all cows yet to calve to clean pasture each week.

44. Good Luck To You Save a Cow … Eat a Vegetarian DGRIFFIN@GPVEC.UNL.EDU
Save a Cow …
Eat a Vegetarian
Good Luck To You

45. Good Luck To You Save a Cow … Eat a Vegetarian DGRIFFIN@GPVEC.UNL.EDU
Save a Cow …
Eat a Vegetarian
Good Luck To You

46. Herd Vaccine Use … ?

47. Herd Vaccine Use … ?

48. The Breeding Herd