1. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. Communicable and Chronic Diseases Chapter 12

2. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. How Pathogens Are Spread Pathogens can be spread in a variety of methods: –Direct contact such as touching or handling bodily fluids –Airborne by coughing or sneezing –Contact with contaminated objects such as hypodermic needles

3. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. The Immune System Removes harmful organisms from the blood and combats pathogens The first line of defense - physical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes Cellular defense is composed of: Lymphocytes Active immunity Passive immunity

4. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. Health Goal #62: I Will Be Aware of Immunizations that Protect Health An immunization or vaccine - substance containing dead or weakened pathogens that is introduced into the body to increase immunity Causes the body to make antibodies for a specific pathogen The annual Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule is an important source of information about immunizations Web URL: http://www.cdc.gov/niphttp://www.cdc.gov/nip

5. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. Recommended Immunizations for Children and Adolescents Vaccinations should be given against the following infectious conditions: –Diphtheria (inflammation of throat lining) –Whooping cough (bacterial respiratory infection) –Hepatitis B (viral infection affecting liver function) –Haemophilus Influenza type B (bacterial infection leading into meningitis) –Tetanus (bacterial infection that damages the central nervous system)

6. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. Immunizations, cont’d Vaccinations should be given against the following infectious conditions: –Rubella (viral infection causing respiratory damage and birth defects) –Measles (viral infection leading into a fever/rash) –Polio (viral infection causing paralysis of the extremities) –Mumps (viral infection of the salivary glands) –Chicken pox (viral infection leading to a rash/blisters)

7. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. Health Goal #63: I Will Choose Behaviors to Reduce My Risk of Infections with Respiratory Diseases Cold Influenza Pneumonia Strep throat Tuberculosis

8. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. Health Goal #64: I Will Recognize Ways to Manage Asthma and Allergies Asthma - bronchial tubes become inflamed and constrict Asthma attack - episode of coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath

9. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. Allergies An overreaction of the body to a harmless substance causing: Dizziness Nausea Difficulty in breathing Skin rash Drop in blood pressure

10. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. Health Goal #65: I Will Choose Behaviors to Reduce My Risk of Infection with Sexually Transmitted Diseases Chlamydia Genital herpes Genital warts Gonorrhea Pubic lice Syphilis Trichomoniasis Hepatitis B HIV

11. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. Reducing the Risk of STDs Abstain from sex until married Changing behavior and being tested for STDs Have a monogamous marriage Choose a drug-free lifestyle Avoid the use of injection drugs Change the behavior if you use drugs Avoid sharing needles to make tattoos or body piercing

12. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. HIV Transmission Sexual contact with infected person Needle contamination Contact with bodily fluids from infected person

13. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. HIV Transmission (cont’d) Receiving contaminated blood products Receiving an infected tissue (organ donation) Perinatal transmission (mother to fetus)

14. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. HIV Testing Antibody test –ELISA –Western blot –OraQuick Rapid HIV-1 Antibody test –Orasure (oral fluid test)

15. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. Health Goal #67: I Will Choose Behaviors to Reduce My Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases Arteriosclerosis/ atherosclerosis Arrhythmias Congestive heart failure

16. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. Reducing Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases Maintain a healthy blood cholesterol level Choose a heart-healthy diet containing anti- oxidants Avoid tobacco products and second-hand smoke Maintain healthful blood pressure Maintain a healthful body weight Participate in regular physical activity Manage stress

17. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. Health Goal #68: I Will Choose Behaviors to Reduce My Risk of Diabetes Diabetes is a disease in which the body produces little or no insulin (hormone that regulates blood sugar level) –Type 1 diabetes (no insulin production) –Type 2 diabetes (insulin not being used by cells) –Gestational diabetes (occurs in some females during pregnancy)

18. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. Reducing Risk of Diabetes Diabetes is not contagious Certain risk factors increase risk: Fat (high body fat percentage) Female (gender-specific) Family (family history) Forty (age)

19. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. Health Goal #70: I Will Choose Behaviors to Reduce My Risk of Cancer Cancer terms: Tumor Benign Malignant Metastasis

20. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. Chapter 12 Communicable and Chronic Diseases