1. Adapted from: Project Lead The Way Making Vaccines powerpoint
Mrs. Stewart
Adapted from: Project Lead The Way Making Vaccines powerpoint

2. Effective Vaccines
Have low levels of side effects or toxicity.

3. Effective Vaccines
Protect against exposure to wild forms of pathogen

4. Effective Vaccines Stimulate both types of immune responses:
1. an antibody/humoral response
B Cells
2. a cellular/cell-mediated response
T Cells

5. Effective Vaccines
Have long term, lasting effects that produce immunological memory.

6. Effective Vaccines
Should not require numerous doses or boosters

7. Effective Vaccines Are inexpensive Have a long shelf life
Are easy to administer.

8. Routes of Administration
The majority of vaccines are administered by injection
Subcutaneous
Intramuscular
Intradermal
Oral vaccines are available for only a few diseases

9. Administration Routes

10. Live, attenuated (weakened) cells (viruses)
Vaccines are longer-lasting and require fewer boosters
However, the disease agent could mutate back to pathogenic strain
Harder to make this type for bacteria – usu. viruses
Example: MMR, Varicella zoster

11. Killed whole cells or inactivated viruses
Even though they are harmless, they still contain recognizable antigens on their surface
Because the microbe does not multiply, a weaker immune response is stimulated vs. live vaccines
larger doses and more boosters are required.
Example: Polio virus

12. Toxoid vaccines
A purified toxin produced by the pathogen is changed into a toxoid and used to elicit immune response.
Example: DTaP
Diptheria, Tetanus & acellular Pertussis

13. Subunit Vaccines
Subunit vaccines contain just the antigens of the microbe that best stimulate the immune system.
Antigens that have been separated from the rest of the microbe
Examples: Hepatitis B, Gardasil,

14. Genetically engineered or Naked DNA Vaccine
Genes for microbial antigens are inserted into a plasmid vector and are cloned in appropriate hosts.
The resultant protein product is used to provoke immune system.

15. DNA vaccines
These vaccines contain all or part of the pathogen DNA, which is used to “infect” a recipient’s cells.

16. Herd Immunity
More individuals that are immune decreases the incidence of the disease and the occurrence of the pathogen.
With greater numbers immunized, it is less likely that an unimmunized person will encounter the pathogen.
Mass vaccination confers indirect protection for those who do not receive the vaccine resulting in “herd immunity”.