1. Unit II Cell Energy and Communication Learning Goal 4 Understand how growth and dynamic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system’s environment.

2. I.All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy.

3. A.Cell activities are affected by interactions with biotic and abiotic factors.

4. Cell Density

5. Biofilms

6. Temperature

7. Water Availability

8. Sunlight http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHe7y8cy- 7Y&feature=player_detailpage

9. B. Organism activities are affected by interactions with biotic and abiotic factors. Symbiosis Mutualism

10. Commensalism Parasitism

11. Predator-prey relationships

12. Water and nutrient availability, temperature, salinity, and pH

13. C. The stability of populations, communities and ecosystems is affected by interactions with biotic and abiotic factors. Water and nutrient availability

14. Availability of nesting materials and sites http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PS_YT9U5M KU&feature=player_detailpage

15. Food chains and Food webs

16. Species diversity

17. Population Density http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player _detailpage&v=9_9SutNmfFk

18. Algal blooms Eutrophication

19. II. Homeostatic mechanisms reflect both common ancestry and divergence due to adaptation in different environments. A. Continuity of homeostatic mechanisms reflects common ancestry, while changes may occur in response to different environmental conditions.

20. B. Organisms have various mechanisms for obtaining nutrients and eliminating wastes. Gas exchange in aquatic and terrestrial plants

21. Digestive mechanisms in Animals Food Vacuoles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojrkxmD6tT8&f eature=player_detailpage Gastrovascular Cavities One-way Digestive Systems

22. Respiratory Systems Aquatic Animals Terrestrial Animals

23. Nitrogenous Waste Production and Elimination

24. C. Homeostatic control systems in species of microbes, plants and animals support common ancestry. Excretory Systems

25. Osmoregulation

26. Circulatory Systems Open Closed

27. Thermoregulation Aquatic Animals Terrestrial Animals

28. III. Biological systems are affected by disruptions to their dynamic homeostasis. A. Disruptions at the molecular and cellular levels affect the health of the organism.

29. Physiological Responses to Toxic Substances Botulism Tetanus Cyanide

30. Dehydration

31. B. Disruptions to ecosystems impact the dynamic homeostasis of balance of an ecosystem. Invasive and/or Irruptive Species

32. Human Impact Habitat Destruction Invasive Species

33. Natural Disasters Hurricanes Floods Earthquakes Volcanoes Fires

34. Water Limitation and Salination

35. IV. Plants and animals have a variety of chemical defenses against infections that affect dynamic homeostasis. A. Plants, invertebrates and vertebrates have multiple, nonspecific immune responses. 1. Invertebrate immune systems have a nonspecific response mechanism, but they lack pathogen-specific defense responses.

36. 2. Plant defenses against pathogens include molecular recognition systems with systemic responses; infection triggers chemical responses that destroy infected and adjacent cells, thus localizing the effects.

37. 3. Vertebrate immune systems have nonspecific defense mechanisms against pathogens.

38. B. Mammals use specific immune responses triggered by natural or artificial agents that disrupt dynamic homeostasis. 1. The mammalian immune system includes two types of specific responses: cell mediated and humoral.

39. 2. In the cell-mediated response, cytotoxic T cells, a type of lymphocytic white blood cell, “target” intracellular pathogens when antigens are displayed on the outside of the cells.

40. 3. In the humoral response, B cells, a type of lymphocytic white blood cell, produce antibodies against specific antigens.

41. 4. Antigens are recognized by antibodies to the antigen.

42. 5. Antibodies are proteins produced by B cells, and each antibody is specific to a particular antigen.

43. 6. A second exposure to an antigen results in a more rapid and enhanced immune response.

44. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iVMIZy- Y3f8&feature=player_detailpage http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iVMIZy- Y3f8&feature=player_detailpage http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=play er_detailpage&v=cSkS_uhSHOg http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=play er_detailpage&v=cSkS_uhSHOg