1. LEAD LEACHING FROM GLASS TABLEWARE the story of a Guideline from the Council of Europe Massimo Denaro Dept. of Environment and Primary Prevention Istituto Superiore di Sanità Roma - ITALIA

2. when the idea of a guideline on cristals was born? it was a long time ago, that is in 1956, with the conclusion of the Partial Agreement in the Social and Public Health

3. the history of decisions Resolution (51) 62 (2nd August 1951) - Partial Agreements Western European Union: transfer of the exercise of social and cultural activities to the Council of Europe Resolution (59) 23 - 16th November 1959 - Extension of the activities of the Council of Europe in the social and cultural fields Resolution (61) 40 (16th December 1961) - Cultural and scientific co-operation - transfer to the Council for Cultural Co-operation of the cultural activities listed in the Appendix to Resolution (59) 23 Statutory Resolution (93) 28 (14 May 1993) - Partial and Enlarged Agreements Resolution (96) 34 (2nd October 1996) - Authorising the states concerned to revise the Partial Agreement in the Social and Public Health Field Resolution (96) 35 (2nd October 1996) - Revising the Partial Agreement in the Social and Public Health Field Resolution (96) 36 (17th October 1996) - Establishing the criteria for Partial and Enlarged Agreements of the Council of Europe

4. the Partial Agreement includes two sectors:

5. within the Protection of Public Health there are two Committees

6. the Committee of Experts is divided in several ad hoc groups

7. elaboration of guidelines set out in Technical documents approved by the Committee of Experts adopted by the Public Health Committee not to submitted to the Committee of Ministers approval what the Ad Hoc Group on lead from cristal was committed for

8. requirements to be taken into account in the context of resolutions or... … models for the implementation of national policies provide practical guidance for the application of resolutions lay down technical and/or scientific specifications for the manufacture amendable, if necessary, to follow scientifical, technical, and manufacturing developments what the guidelines are or do

9. how the guidelines on lead cristal were born and grew up (a rationale of health risks) 1.lead may be absorbed orally (e.g. Pb contamined foodstuffs) 2.214µg of lead per day, for a 60kg body weight is tolerable (from FAO/WHO) 3.Pb sources are industrial wastes, lead pipes for drinking water, lead soldered food cans, lead cristal table glassware

10. how the guidelines on lead cristal were born and grew up (what the the Council of Europe recommends) … monitor and control of lead migration from materials in contact with foods and beverages …

11. how the guidelines on lead cristal were born and grew up (the scientific basis - 1) Co-operative Study on the Release of Lead from cristalware by Guadagnino 1, Gramiccioni 2, Denaro 2, Baldini 2 1 - Stazione Sperimentale del Vetro 2 - Istituto Superiore di Sanità issued on PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE 11, 45-57 (1998)

12. how the guidelines on lead cristal were born and grew up (the scientific basis - 2) 4% acetic acid a whisky a white wine an acidic soft drink 22°C  2°C contact times of 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, 120, 180 mins experimental test liquids, temperature and times

13. how the guidelines on lead cristal were born and grew up (the scientific basis - 3) only 24% PbO crystal stemglasses 150 mL capacity exposed surface of 98 cm 2 /100 mL of liquid chemical composition hydrolitic resistance, according to DIN 12111 extractable lead, according to ISO 7086

14. how the guidelines on lead cristal were born and grew up (the scientific basis - 4) 1.migration trend : 1 mL of test liquid is drawn and analyzed at standard times, replaced by 1mL of fresh liquid 2.take-half-glass-and-fill : 50 mL of liquid are sampled at standard times; the glass is made up by 50 mL of fresh liquid 3.empty-and-fill-again : 100mL of liquid are drawn at standard times for analysis; the glass is filled again with 100 mL of fresh liquid

15. how the guidelines on lead cristal were born and grew up (the scientific basis - 5) chemical composition : SiO 2 61%, Fe 2 O 3 0.009%, BaO 0.76%, ZnO 1.6%, PbO 2 25%, Na 2 O 4%, K 2 O 7%, Sb 2 O 3 0.24% hydrolytic resistance (DIN 12111) : 60-65 µg/L of Na 2 O extractable lead test (ISO 7086) : 290 µg of Pb/L

16. how the guidelines on lead cristal were born and grew up (the scientific basis - 6)

17. how the guidelines on lead cristal were born and grew up (the scientific basis - 7) pH glass aging inner surface aging glass hydrolitic resistance manufacturing process alcohol concentration parameters influencing on migration besides time and temperature

18. how the guidelines on lead cristal were born and grew up (the scientific basis - CONCLUSIONS) 1.a regular daily use of crystalware is quite uncommon. Thus, the risk assessment lead to lower the concern on crystalware 2.the overall lead intake from table glassware contribution ranges from 4 to 7 % of PTWI* 3.crystal is a non critical source of dietary lead intake * PTWI = Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake

19. what the guidelines on lead crystal finally is COUNCIL OF EUROPE’S POLICY STATEMENTS CONCERNING MATERIALS AND ARTICLES INTENDED TO COME INTO CONTACT WITH FOODSTUFFS COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS ON MATERIALS COMING INTO CONTACT WITH FOOD 42 nd session Strasbourg, 2 – 5 December 2003 GUIDELINES ON LEAD LEACHING FROM GLASS TABLEWARE INTO FOODSTUFFS (Draft version) Document prepared by the ad hoc Group on lead leaching (27.06.2003)

20. what the guidelines on lead crystal finally says (1) [...] Field of application 2.1. These Guidelines apply to glass tableware made from lead-bearing glass. The commercial lead bearing glass has a PbO content ranging from 6% up to 32% w/w. 2.2. They do not take into consideration the release of cadmium because the presence of cadmium in lead-bearing glass is exclusively due to the minimum presence of impurities in the raw materials. The concentration of cadmium in glass and therefore its migration is considered negligible. 2.3. They do not apply to ceramics, glass-ceramic ware, either decorated or undecorated, and to decorated glassware.

21. what the guidelines on lead crystal finally says (2) [...] Field of application 2.1. These Guidelines apply to glass tableware made from lead-bearing glass. The commercial lead bearing glass has a PbO content ranging from 6% up to 32% w/w. 2.2. They do not take into consideration the release of cadmium because the presence of cadmium in lead-bearing glass is exclusively due to the minimum presence of impurities in the raw materials. The concentration of cadmium in glass and therefore its migration is considered negligible. 2.3. They do not apply to ceramics, glass-ceramic ware, either decorated or undecorated, and to decorated glassware.