1. Rock suites, trace elements and radiogenic isotopes GEOS 408/508 Lectures 4-6

2. l MgO and FeO l Al 2 O 3 and CaO l SiO2 l Na 2 O, K 2 O, TiO 2, P 2 O 5

3. Rock suites l The totality of major compositions found in a spatio-temporal domain of interest; l Typically display a range of major, trace and isotopic compositions; l Examples: calc-alkaline (banatite) suites in arc regions; bimodal (basalt-rhyolite) suites in continental extension, etc; l Perhaps the most important lesson to take home regarding rocks suites is that no single magmatic rock composition can be indicative of a past tectonic setting - use instead the range of rock compositions.

4. More Trace Elements Note magnitue of major element changes From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall. Harker variation diagram for 310 analyzed volcanic rocks from Crater Lake (Mt. Mazama), Oregon Cascades. Data compiled by Rick Conrey (personal communication). From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

5. Generating diversity l Fractionation = selective crystallization and removal of crystals from an evolving magma; l Mixing= co-aggregation of two (or more) different magmas; l Unmixxing (not common) = Generation of two liquids out of one via melt immiscibility; l Assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC)= wall rock incorporation coupled with internal fractionation; l Source heterogeneity; l “secondary”, postmagmatic processes = hydrothermal alteration, weathering, etc.

6. Bivariate (x-y) diagrams HarkerdiagramforCraterLake Figure 2. Harker variation diagram for 310 analyzed volcanic rocks from Crater Lake (Mt. Mazama), Oregon Cascades. Data compiled by Rick Conrey (personal communication).

7. Bivariate (x-y) diagrams HarkerdiagramforCraterLake Figure 2. Harker variation diagram for 310 analyzed volcanic rocks from Crater Lake (Mt. Mazama), Oregon Cascades. Data compiled by Rick Conrey (personal communication).

8. Models of Magmatic Evolution

9. Harker diagram F Smooth trends F Model with 3 assumptions: 1 Rocks are related by FX 2 Trends = liquid line of descent 3 The basalt is the parent magma from which the others are derived Figure 7. Stacked variation diagrams of hypothetical components X and Y (either weight or mol %). P = parent, D = daughter, S = solid extract, A, B, C = possible extracted solid phases. For explanation, see text. From Ragland (1989). Basic Analytical Petrology, Oxford Univ. Press.

10. l Extrapolate BA  B and further to low SiO 2 l K 2 O is first element to  0 (at SiO 2 = 46.5) 46.5% SiO 2 is interpreted to be the concentration in the bulk solid extract and the blue line  the concentration of all other oxides Figure 7. Stacked Harker diagrams for the calc-alkaline volcanic series of Table 8-5 (dark circles). From Ragland (1989). Basic Analytical Petrology, Oxford Univ. Press.

11. Extrapolate the other curves back BA  B  blue line and read off X of mineral extract OxideWt%Cation Norm SiO 2 46.5ab18.3 TiO 2 1.4an30.1 Al 2 O 3 14.2di23.2 Fe 2 O 3 *11.5hy4.7 MgO10.8ol19.3 CaO11.5mt1.7 Na 2 O2.1il2.7 K 2 O0 Total98.1100 Results: Remove plagioclase, olivine, Remove plagioclase, olivine, pyroxene and Fe-Ti oxide pyroxene and Fe-Ti oxide Then repeat for each increment BA  A etc.

12. Now note magnitude of trace element changes Figure 1. Harker Diagram for Crater Lake. From data compiled by Rick Conrey. From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

13. Element Distribution Goldschmidt’s rules (simplistic, but useful) 1. 2 ions with the same valence and radius should exchange easily and enter a solid solution in amounts equal to their overall proportions

15. Goldschmidt’s rules 2. If 2 ions have a similar radius and the same valence: the smaller ion is preferentially incorporated into the solid over the liquid

16. 3. If 2 ions have a similar radius, but different valence: the ion with the higher charge is preferentially incorporated into the solid over the liquid

17. Chemical Fractionation l The uneven distribution of an ion between two competing (equilibrium) phases

18. Exchange equilibrium of a component i between two phases (solid and liquid) i (liquid) = i (solid) eq. 2 K = = K = equilibrium constant K = equilibrium constant a solid a liquid i i X solid X liquid i i i

19. l Trace element concentrations are in the Henry’s Law region of concentration, so their activity varies in direct relation to their concentration in the system l Thus if X Ni in the system doubles the X Ni in all phases will double F This does not mean that X Ni in all phases is the same, since trace elements do fractionate. Rather the X Ni within each phase will vary in proportion to the system concentration

20. l incompatible elements are concentrated in the melt (K D or D) « 1 l compatible elements are concentrated in the solid K D or D » 1

21. l For dilute solutions can substitute D for K D : D = Where C S = the concentration of some element in the solid phase CSCSCLCLCSCSCLCL

22. l Incompatible elements commonly  two subgroups F Smaller, highly charged high field strength (HFS) elements (REE, Th, U, Ce, Pb 4+, Zr, Hf, Ti, Nb, Ta) F Low field strength large ion lithophile (LIL) elements (K, Rb, Cs, Ba, Pb 2+, Sr, Eu 2+ ) are more mobile, particularly if a fluid phase is involved

23. Compatibility depends on minerals and melts involved. Which are incompatible? Why?

24. l For a rock, determine the bulk distribution coefficient D for an element by calculating the contribution for each mineral eq. 4: D i =  W A D i W A = weight % of mineral A in the rock D i = partition coefficient of element i in mineral A A A

25. Example: hypothetical garnet lherzolite = 60% olivine, 25% orthopyroxene, 10% clinopyroxene, and 5% garnet (all by weight), using the data in Table 9-1, is: D Er = (0.6 · 0.026) + (0.25 · 0.23) + (0.10 · 0.583) + (0.05 · 4.7) = 0.366

26. Homework 3 l Calculate partition coefficient of Sr for one (any) one of the rocks in Cecil’s data, assuming that the actual minerals are the norms you calculated for that rock. Get the Kd’s from GERM’s tabulated source online and use mineral-silicic melt coefficient.

27. l Trace elements strongly partitioned into a single mineral l Ni - olivine = 14 Figure 1a. Ni Harker Diagram for Crater Lake. From data compiled by Rick Conrey. From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

28. Incompatible trace elements concentrate  liquid Incompatible trace elements concentrate  liquid l Reflect the proportion of liquid at a given state of crystallization or melting Figure 1b. Zr Harker Diagram for Crater Lake. From data compiled by Rick Conrey. From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

29. Trace element concentrations are in the Henry’s Law region of concentration, so their activity varies in direct relation to their concentration in the system

30. Because of this, the ratios of trace elements are often superior to the concentration of a single element in identifying the role of a specific mineral

31. l K/Rb often used  the importance of amphibole in a source rock F K & Rb behave very similarly, so K/Rb should be ~ constant F If amphibole, almost all K and Rb reside in it F Amphibole has a D of about 1.0 for K and 0.3 for Rb

32. l Sr and Ba (also incompatible elements) s Sr is excluded from most common minerals except plagioclase s Ba similarly excluded except in alkali feldspar

33. Compatible example: l Ni strongly fractionated  olivine > pyroxene l Cr and Sc  pyroxenes » olivine l Ni/Cr or Ni/Sc can distinguish the effects of olivine and augite in a partial melt or a suite of rocks produced by fractional crystallization

34. Models of Magma Evolution l Batch Melting F The melt remains resident until at some point it is released and moves upward F Equilibrium melting process with variable % melting

35. Models of Magma Evolution l Batch Melting eq. 5 C L = trace element concentration in the liquid C O = trace element concentration in the original rock before melting began F = wt fraction of melt produced = melt/(melt + rock) CC 1 DiDiDiDi(1F)F L O  

36. Batch Melting A plot of C L /C O vs. F for various values of D i using eq. 5 A plot of C L /C O vs. F for various values of D i using eq. 5 F D i = 1.0 Figure 9-2. Variation in the relative concentration of a trace element in a liquid vs. source rock as a fiunction of D and the fraction melted, using equation (9-5) for equilibrium batch melting. From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

37. D i » 1.0 (compatible element) F Very low concentration in melt F Especially for low % melting (low F) Figure 2. Variation in the relative concentration of a trace element in a liquid vs. source rock as a fiunction of D and the fraction melted, using equation (9-5) for equilibrium batch melting. From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

38. Highly incompatible elements F Greatly concentrated in the initial small fraction of melt produced by partial melting F Subsequently diluted as F increases Figure 2. Variation in the relative concentration of a trace element in a liquid vs. source rock as a fiunction of D and the fraction melted, using equation (9-5) for equilibrium batch melting. From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

39. As F  1 the concentration of every trace element in the liquid = the source rock (C L /C O  1) As F  1 the concentration of every trace element in the liquid = the source rock (C L /C O  1) As F  1 C L /C O  1 C C 1 DiDi (1F)F L O   Figure 2. Variation in the relative concentration of a trace element in a liquid vs. source rock as a fiunction of D and the fraction melted, using equation (9-5) for equilibrium batch melting. From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

40. As F  0 C L /C O  1/D i If we know C L of a magma derived by a small degree of batch melting, and we know D i we can estimate the concentration of that element in the source region (C O ) C C 1 DiDi (1F)F L O   Figure 2. Variation in the relative concentration of a trace element in a liquid vs. source rock as a fiunction of D and the fraction melted, using equation (9-5) for equilibrium batch melting. From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

41. l For very incompatible elements as D i  0 equation 5 reduces to: equation 5 reduces to: eq. 7 C C 1 F L O  C C 1 DiDi (1F)F L O   If we know the concentration of a very incompatible element in both a magma and the source rock, we can determine the fraction of partial melt produced

42. Worked Example of Batch Melting: Rb and Sr Basalt with the mode: 1. Convert to weight % minerals (W ol W cpx etc.) 1. Convert to weight % minerals (W ol W cpx etc.) Table -2. Conversion from mode to weight percent MineralModeDensityWt propWt ol153.6540.18 cpx333.4112.20.37 plag512.7137.70.45 Sum303.91.00

43. Worked Example of Batch Melting: Rb and Sr Table 9-2. Conversion from mode to weight percent MineralModeDensityWt propWt% ol153.6540.18 cpx333.4112.20.37 plag512.7137.70.45 Sum303.91.00 Basalt with the mode: 1. Convert to weight % minerals (W ol W cpx etc.) 1. Convert to weight % minerals (W ol W cpx etc.) 2. Use equation eq. 4: D i =  W A D i 2. Use equation eq. 4: D i =  W A D i and the table of D values for Rb and Sr in each mineral to calculate the bulk distribution coefficients: D Rb = 0.045 and D Sr = 0.848

44. Table 9-3. Batch Fractionation Model for Rb and Sr C L /C O = 1/(D(1-F)+F) D Rb D Sr F0.0450.848Rb/Sr 0.059.351.148.19 0.16.491.135.73 0.154.981.124.43 0.24.031.123.61 0.32.921.102.66 0.42.291.082.11 0.51.891.071.76 0.61.601.051.52 0.71.391.041.34 0.81.231.031.20 0.91.101.011.09 3. Use the batch melting equation (5) to calculate C L /C O for various values of F From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

45. 4. Plot C L /C O vs. F for each element Figure 3. Change in the concentration of Rb and Sr in the melt derived by progressive batch melting of a basaltic rock consisting of plagioclase, augite, and olivine. From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

46. Incremental Batch Melting l Calculate batch melting for successive batches (same equation) l Must recalculate D i as solids change as minerals are selectively melted (computer)

47. Fractional Crystallization 1. Crystals remain in equilibrium with each melt increment

48. l Rayleigh fractionation The other extreme: separation of each crystal as it formed = perfectly continuous fractional crystallization in a magma chamber The other extreme: separation of each crystal as it formed = perfectly continuous fractional crystallization in a magma chamber

49. l Rayleigh fractionation The other extreme: separation of each crystal as it formed = perfectly continuous fractional crystallization in a magma chamber The other extreme: separation of each crystal as it formed = perfectly continuous fractional crystallization in a magma chamber F Concentration of some element in the residual liquid, C L is modeled by the Rayleigh equation: eq. 8 C L /C O = F (D -1) Rayleigh Fractionation

50. Other models are used to analyze l Mixing of magmas l Wall-rock assimilation l Zone refining l Combinations of processes

51. The Rare Earth Elements (REE)

52. Contrasts and similarities in the D values: All are incompatible Also Note: HREE are less incompatible Especially in garnet Especially in garnet Eu can  2+ which conc. in plagioclase

53. REE Diagrams Plots of concentration as the ordinate (y-axis) against increasing atomic number F Degree of compatibility increases from left to right across the diagram Concentration La Ce Nd Sm Eu Tb Er Dy Yb Lu

54. F Eliminate Oddo-Harkins effect and make y-scale more functional by normalizing to a standard s estimates of primordial mantle REE s chondrite meteorite concentrations

55. What would an REE diagram look like for an analysis of a chondrite meteorite? 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 565860626466687072 sample/chondrite L La Ce Nd Sm Eu Tb Er Yb Lu ?

56. Divide each element in analysis by the concentration in a chondrite standard 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 565860626466687072 sample/chondrite L La Ce Nd Sm Eu Tb Er Yb Lu

57. REE diagrams using batch melting model of a garnet lherzolite for various values of F: Figure 4. Rare Earth concentrations (normalized to chondrite) for melts produced at various values of F via melting of a hypothetical garnet lherzolite using the batch melting model (equation 9-5). From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

58. l Europium anomaly when plagioclase is F a fractionating phenocryst or or F a residual solid in source Figure 5. REE diagram for 10% batch melting of a hypothetical lherzolite with 20% plagioclase, resulting in a pronounced negative Europium anomaly. From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

59. Spider Diagrams An extension of the normalized REE technique to a broader spectrum of elements Fig. 6. Spider diagram for an alkaline basalt from Gough Island, southern Atlantic. After Sun and MacDonough (1989). In A. D. Saunders and M. J. Norry (eds.), Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 42. pp. 313-345. Chondrite-normalized spider diagrams are commonly organized by (the author’s estimate) of increasing incompatibility L  R Different estimates  different ordering (poor standardization)

60. MORB-normalized Spider Separates LIL and HFS Figure 7. Ocean island basalt plotted on a mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) normalized spider diagram of the type used by Pearce (1983). Data from Sun and McDonough (1989). From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

61. Application of Trace Elements to Igneous Systems 1. Use like major elements on variation diagrams to document FX, assimilation, etc. in a suite of rocks F More sensitive  larger variations as process continues Figure 1a. Ni Harker Diagram for Crater Lake. From data compiled by Rick Conrey. From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

62. 2. Identification of the source rock or a particular mineral involved in either partial melting or fractional crystallization processes

63. Garnet concentrates the HREE and fractionates among them Thus if garnet is in equilibrium with the partial melt (a residual phase in the source left behind) expect a steep (-) slope in REE and HREE Shallow (< 40 km) partial melting of the mantle will have plagioclase in the resuduum and a Eu anomaly will result

64. 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 565860626466687072 sample/chondrite La Ce Nd Sm Eu Tb Er Yb Lu 67% Ol 17% Opx 17% Cpx 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 565860626466687072 sample/chondrite La Ce Nd Sm Eu Tb Er Yb Lu 57% Ol 14% Opx 14% Cpx 14% Grt Garnet and Plagioclase effect on HREE 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 sample/chondrite 60% Ol 15% Opx 15% Cpx 10%Plag La Ce Nd Sm Eu Tb Er Yb Lu

65. Figure 3. Change in the concentration of Rb and Sr in the melt derived by progressive batch melting of a basaltic rock consisting of plagioclase, augite, and olivine. From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

66. Table 6 A brief summary of some particularly useful trace elements in igneous petrology Element Use as a petrogenetic indicator Ni, Co, CrHighly compatible elements. Ni (and Co) are concentrated in olivine, and Cr in spinel and clinopyroxene. High concentrations indicate a mantle source. V, TiBoth show strong fractionation into Fe-Ti oxides (ilmenite or titanomagnetite). If they behave differently, Ti probably fractionates into an accessory phase, such as sphene or rutile. Zr, HfVery incompatible elements that do not substitute into major silicate phases (although they may replace Ti in sphene or rutile). Ba, RbIncompatible element that substitutes for K in K-feldspar, micas, or hornblende. Rb substitutes less readily in hornblende than K-spar and micas, such that the K/Ba ratio may distinguish these phases. SrSubstitutes for Ca in plagioclase (but not in pyroxene), and, to a lesser extent, for K in K- feldspar. Behaves as a compatible element at low pressure where plagioclase forms early, but as an incompatible at higher pressure where plagioclase is no longer stable. REEGarnet accommodates the HREE more than the LREE, and orthopyroxene and hornblende do so to a lesser degree. Sphene and plagioclase accommodates more LREE. Eu 2+ is strongly partitioned into plagioclase. YCommonly incompatible (like HREE). Strongly partitioned into garnet and amphibole. Sphene and apatite also concentrate Y, so the presence of these as accessories could have a significant effect. Table 6. After Green (1980). Tectonophys., 63, 367- 385. From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

67. Trace elements as a tool to determine paleotectonic environment l Useful for rocks in mobile belts that are no longer recognizably in their original setting l Can trace elements be discriminators of igneous environment? l Approach is empirical on modern occurrences l Concentrate on elements that are immobile during low/medium grade metamorphism

68. Figure 8. (a) after Pearce and Cann (1973), Earth Planet, Sci. Lett., 19, 290-300. (b) after Pearce (1982) in Thorpe (ed.), Andesites: Orogenic andesites and related rocks. Wiley. Chichester. pp. 525-548, Coish et al. (1986), Amer. J. Sci., 286, 1-28. (c) after Mullen (1983), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 62, 53-62.

69. Degree of melting, incompatible, compatible elements

70. REEs, spidergrams, HFSE, “anomalies” HFSE

71. Isotopes Same Z, different A (variable # of neutrons) General notation for a nuclide: 614C

72. Isotopes Same Z, different A (variable # of neutrons) General notation for a nuclide: 614C As n varies  different isotopes of an element 12 C 13 C 14 C

73. HW 4 l Use the Cecil database to plot the incompatible trace element data relative to primitive mantle values for granitoids; do they exhibit any significant anomalies, are there any trends worthwhile interpreting? l Determine the REE patterns (rel. to PM) and the magnitude of Eu anomalies; l Use the Girardi et al 2012 paper as an example to make interpretations re the origin of magmas from the Rotberg area.

74. Stable Isotopes l Stable: last ~ forever l Chemical fractionation is impossible l Mass fractionation is the only type possible

75. Example: Oxygen Isotopes Concentrations expressed by reference to a standard International standard for O isotopes = standard mean ocean water (SMOW) 16 O99.756% of natural oxygen 17 O 0.039%“ 18 O 0.205% “

76. 18 O and 16 O are the commonly used isotopes and their ratio is expressed as  :  18 O/ 16 O) = eq  result expressed in per mille (‰) result expressed in per mille (‰) (O/O)(O/O) (O/O) x1000 1816 sample 1816 SMOW 1816 SMOW What is  of SMOW?? What is  for meteoric water?

77. Evaporation seawater  water vapor (clouds) F Light isotope enriched in vapor > liquid  Pretty efficient, since  mass = 1/8 total mass

78. What is  for meteoric water? Evaporation seawater  water vapor (clouds) F Light isotope enriched in vapor > liquid  Pretty efficient, since  mass = 1/8 total mass   = therefore < thus  clouds is (-) thus  clouds is (-) (O/O)(O/O) (O/O) x1000 1816 vapor 1816 SMOW 1816 SMOW (O/O)1816Vapor (O/O)1816SMOW

79. Figure 9-9. Relationship between d( 18 O/ 16 O) and mean annual temperature for meteoric precipitation, after Dansgaard (1964). Tellus, 16, 436-468.

80. Oxygen isotopes Can determine crustal recycling

81. Mantle-derived rocks = delta18O ~ 5-6.5 permil Crustal Rocks that have interacted with waters: Anything between -2 to +24 permil Oxygen has the mass advantage over other isotopes

82. F O and H isotopes - juvenile vs. meteoric vs. brine water   18 O for mantle rocks  surface-reworked sediments: evaluate contamination of mantle- derived magmas by crustal sediments Stable isotopes useful in assessing relative contribution of various reservoirs, each with a distinctive isotopic signature

83. Radioactive Isotopes l Unstable isotopes decay to other nuclides l The rate of decay is constant, and not affected by P, T, X… l Parent nuclide = radioactive nuclide that decays l Daughter nuclide(s) are the radiogenic atomic products

84. Isotopic variations between rocks, etc. due to: 1. Mass fractionation (as for stable isotopes) Only effective for light isotopes: H He C O S

85. Isotopic variations between rocks, etc. due to: 1. Mass fractionation (as for stable isotopes) 2. Daughters produced in varying proportions resulting from previous event of chemical fractionation 40 K  40 Ar by radioactive decay Basalt  rhyolite by FX (a chemical fractionation process) Rhyolite has more K than basalt 40 K  more 40 Ar over time in rhyolite than in basalt 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ratio will be different in each

86. Isotopic variations between rocks, etc. due to: 1. Mass fractionation (as for stable isotopes) 2. Daughters produced in varying proportions resulting from previous event of chemical fractionation 3. Time The longer 40 K  40 Ar decay takes place, the greater the difference between the basalt and rhyolite will be

87. Radioactive Decay The Law of Radioactive Decay eq. 11  dN dt N or dN dt =N # parent atoms time  1½¼

88. D = Ne t - N = N(e t -1) eq 14  age of a sample (t) if we know: D the amount of the daughter nuclide produced D the amount of the daughter nuclide produced N the amount of the original parent nuclide remaining N the amount of the original parent nuclide remaining the decay constant for the system in question the decay constant for the system in question

89. The appropriate decay equation is: eq 16 40 Ar = 40 Ar o + 40 K(e - t -1) Where e = 0.581 x 10 -10 a -1 (proton capture) and = 5.543 x 10 -10 a -1 (whole process) and = 5.543 x 10 -10 a -1 (whole process) e      

90. Sr-Rb System  87 Rb  87 Sr + a beta particle ( = 1.42 x 10 -11 a -1 )  Rb behaves like K  micas and alkali feldspar  Sr behaves like Ca  plagioclase and apatite (but not clinopyroxene)  88 Sr : 87 Sr : 86 Sr : 84 Sr ave. sample = 10 : 0.7 : 1 : 0.07  86 Sr is a stable isotope, and not created by breakdown of any other parent

91. Isochron Technique Requires 3 or more cogenetic samples with a range of Rb/Sr Could be: 3 cogenetic rocks derived from a single source by partial melting, FX, etc.3 cogenetic rocks derived from a single source by partial melting, FX, etc. Figure 9-3. Change in the concentration of Rb and Sr in the melt derived by progressive batch melting of a basaltic rock consisting of plagioclase, augite, and olivine. From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

92. Isochron Technique Requires 3 or more cogenetic samples with a range of Rb/Sr Could be: 3 cogenetic rocks derived from a single source by partial melting, FX, etc.3 cogenetic rocks derived from a single source by partial melting, FX, etc. 3 coexisting minerals with different K/Ca ratios in a single rock3 coexisting minerals with different K/Ca ratios in a single rock

93. For values of t less than 0.1: e t -1  t Thus eq. 9-15 for t < 70 Ga (!!) reduces to: eq 9-18 87 Sr/ 86 Sr = ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) o + ( 87 Rb/ 86 Sr) t y = b + x m = equation for a line in 87 Sr/ 86 Sr vs. 87 Rb/ 86 Sr plot Recast age equation by dividing through by stable 86 Sr 87 Sr/ 86 Sr = ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) o + ( 87 Rb/ 86 Sr)(e t -1) eq 9-17 = 1.4 x 10 -11 a -1 = 1.4 x 10 -11 a -1

94. a bc toto 86 Sr 87 Sr o () 86 Sr 87 Sr 86 Sr 87 Rb Begin with 3 rocks plotting at a b c at time t o

95. After some time increment (t 0  t 1 ) each sample loses some 87 Rb and gains an equivalent amount of 87 Sr a bc a1a1 b1b1 c1c1 t1t1 toto 86 Sr 87 Sr 86 Sr 87 Rb 86 Sr 87 Sr o ()

96. At time t 2 each rock system has evolved  new line Again still linear and steeper line a bc a1a1 b1b1 c1c1 a2a2 b2b2 c2c2 t1t1 toto t2t2 86 Sr 87 Sr 86 Sr 87 Sr o () 86 Sr 87 Rb

97. Isochron technique produces 2 valuable things: 1. The age of the rocks (from the slope = t) 2. ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) o = the initial value of 87 Sr/ 86 Sr Figure 9-9. Rb-Sr isochron for the Eagle Peak Pluton, central Sierra Nevada Batholith, California, USA. Filled circles are whole-rock analyses, open circles are hornblende separates. The regression equation for the data is also given. After Hill et al. (1988). Amer. J. Sci., 288-A, 213-241.

98. Figure 9-13. Estimated Rb and Sr isotopic evolution of the Earth’s upper mantle, assuming a large-scale melting event producing granitic-type continental rocks at 3.0 Ga b.p After Wilson (1989). Igneous Petrogenesis. Unwin Hyman/Kluwer.

99. The Sm-Nd System l Both Sm and Nd are LREE F Incompatible elements fractionate  melts F Nd has lower Z  larger  liquids > does Sm

100. 147 Sm  143 Nd by alpha decay = 6.54 x 10 -13 a -1 (half life 106 Ga) = 6.54 x 10 -13 a -1 (half life 106 Ga) l Decay equation derived by reference to the non-radiogenic 144 Nd F 143 Nd/ 144 Nd = ( 143 Nd/ 144 Nd) o + ( 147 Sm/ 144 Nd) t + ( 147 Sm/ 144 Nd) t

102. Evolution curve is opposite to Rb - Sr Figure 9-15. Estimated Nd isotopic evolution of the Earth’s upper mantle, assuming a large-scale melting or enrichment event at 3.0 Ga b.p. After Wilson (1989). Igneous Petrogenesis. Unwin Hyman/Kluwer.

104. Systematic geographic distribution of isotopic ratios The 0.706 line through the Sierra Nevada and north

107. Fractionation, assimilation, mixing

108. Simple Mixing Models Binary All analyses fall between two reservoirs as magmas mix Ternary All analyses fall within triangle determined by three reservoirs Figure 14-5. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

109. HW5 l Determine the initial Sr and Nd isotopes for the Cecil database; l Plot the initial Sr vs. Nd isotopes, 87Sr/86Sr vs. 1/Sr and 143Nd/144Nd vs. 1/Nd; is there one or are there more sources of magmas? How many? l Do the isotopes and isotope-elemental plots indicate any mixing curves? How many components? Plot at least one mixing line using IgPet (or similar).

110. Other radiogenic systems and utilities l Pb-Pb (u and Th decay)- good for identifying sedimentary sources in magma (high U/Pb) l He isotopes - can detect pristine, undegassed mantle in some plumes l Ca isotopes - can trace old crustal components l Hf isotopes - useless except perhaps when used in situ with U-Pb dating of zircons l Re-Os - can effectively fingerprint crustal sources and date mantle events.

111. The U-Pb-Th System Very complex system. F 3 radioactive isotopes of U: 234 U, 235 U, 238 U F 3 radiogenic isotopes of Pb: 206 Pb, 207 Pb, and 208 Pb s Only 204 Pb is strictly non-radiogenic l U, Th, and Pb are incompatible elements, & concentrate in early melts l Isotopic composition of Pb in rocks = function of  238 U  234 U  206 Pb( = 1.5512 x 10 -10 a -1 )  235 U  207 Pb( = 9.8485 x 10 -10 a -1 )  232 Th  208 Pb( = 4.9475 x 10 -11 a -1 )

112. Common Pb

113. He isotopes