1. Chapter 8: Stimulants Their Effects & Common Types NEONS Names of Team Members April 6, 2005

2. Goals and Purpose To inform class about Stimulants and their effects on the body To inform specifically about 3 common forms of Stimulants - structure, sources, negative effects

3. Stimulants What is a stimulant? – Any substance that increases our level of alertness and speed of our mental processes What does a stimulant do? – Enhances brain activity – Improves mood – Decreases fatigue and our appetite – Increases blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration

4. Stimulants History – Used to treat asthma, obesity, neurological disorders Found to have potential for addiction Still used to treat narcolepsy, attention-deficit disorder, and depression

5. Stimulants Consequences of Addiction – Irregular heartbeat – High body temperature – Cardiovascular failure No evident cure – Detoxification

6. Stimulants Three commons examples of stimulants: Caffeine Nicotine Amphetamines

7. Caffeine C 8 H 10 N 4 O 2

8. Caffeine Common Sources: - Coffee - Tea - Cola Drinks - Over the counter Drugs (No-Doz) - Pure form = white crystalline powder

9. Caffeine Uses: - Medically as a cardiac stimulant or a mild diuretic - Recreationally as an energy boost - blocks adenosine reception - injects andrenaline into system - manipulates dopamine production

10. Caffeine Negative effects: - Can interrupt sleep patterns - If relied on too much, once use is stopped it can cause tiredness, depression & headaches

11. Caffeine - Broken down in the liver -Lethal dose= 10 g (100 cups of coffee) - Half-life: 6 hours - America’s most popular drug, 90% of people consume it every day

12. Nicotine C 10 H 14 N 2

13. Nicotine Alkaloid - organic compound made out of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen & sometimes oxygen - colorless, oily fluid with little odor, sharp burning taste Common Source: - occurs naturally in leaves of tobacco plants - inhaled cigarette smoke

14. Nicotine Negative effects: - blocks the release of the hormone insulin, causing hyperglycemic (too much sugar than usual in blood) - can increase the level of the “bad” cholesterol LDL - damages your arteries - increase risk of heart attack or stroke - withdrawal symptoms

15. Nicotine Half-life: 1 hour

16. Amphetamines C 9 H 13 N

17. Amphetamines Amphetamine Relatives: - Dextroamphetamine - Methamphetamine (Speed or Meth) - Ecstasy - Phenylethylamine

18. Amphetamines Uses: - Medically: - WWII soldiers were given amphetamines to stay awake - Medically dexadrine and methadrine are prescribed for people suffering from narcolepsy and children who have ADHD - Found in weight loss pills (now regulated by the FDA) - Recreationally: - abused as street drugs

19. Amphetamines When a methyl group (CH 3 ) is added, it becomes Methamphetamines: – Need psuedoephedrine to be processed – Found in white powder, clear chunky crystals, brightly colored tablets (Yaba) – Produced most widely in western, southwestern, Midwestern U.S. and Mexico – Half-life: 12 hours

20. Amphetamines Methamphetamine Negative effects: - psychotic behavior ( anxiety & paranoia) - brain damage - linked to Alzheimer’s Disease

21. Lasting Effects Hours

22. Pros Cons Increases energy Used medically to regulate disorders Cognitive enhancement Addiction Harmful to the body if not used in moderation Withdrawal symptoms Stimulants

23. References “Amphetamines”. www.Recovery.org.uk/druginfo/index.html.www.Recovery.org.uk/druginfo/index.html (accessed Feb. 2005) “Stimulants”. www.drug-addiction.com/stimulants.htm (accessed Feb. 2005)www.drug-addiction.com/ Baird, C.; Gloffke, W. Condensation Polymers and Drugs-Especially Those Containing Nitrogen. Chemistry In Your Life; W.H. Freeman and Co.: New York, 2003; pp295-321 Brain, Marshall, “How Caffeine Works”. http://home.howstuffworks.com/caffeine.htm/printable (accessed Feb.2005). http://home.howstuffworks.com/caffeine.htm/printable Meeker-O’Connell, Ann, “How Nicotine Works”. http://sciences.howstuffworks.com/nicotine.htm/printable (accessed Feb. 2005). http://sciences.howstuffworks.com/nicotine.htm/printable Drugs Information Online, Amphetamine Drug Information. http:www.drugs.com/amphetamine.html (accessed Feb. 2005) Erowid, Psychoactive Chemistry. http://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/chemistry/chemistry.shtml (accessed Mar. 2005) http://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/chemistry/chemistry.shtml