1. Exploiting ebXML Registry Semantics in the eHealth Domain*
Asuman Dogac
* Parts of this work are being sponsored by the eHealth and eBusiness
Units of the European Commission
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

2. Brief Introduction…
ebXML registry is capable of storing semantics about the registry objects
This semantics is restricted to classification hierarchies with properties
It is possible to represent some Web Ontology Language (OWL) constructs in the registry
Through an application in eHealth domain we will discuss how this semantics can be exploited
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

3. Outline… Semantics in ebXML registries
ebXML Registry Semantic Constructs
A brief introduction to OWL
Mapping OWL constructs to ebXML registry
Making ebXML registries OWL aware
Exploiting ebXML registry semantics in the healthcare domain
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

4. Describing Semantics in ebXML Registries
ebXML registry allows metadata to be stored in the registry
This is achieved through a classification mechanism, called ClassificationScheme
Association instances are used in relating objects in the registry
Furthermore Slot instances provide a dynamic way to add arbitrary attributes to registry object instances
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

5. An example… ebXML Repository ebXML Registry A Classification Hierarchy
LOINC
A “NeuroSurgery"
Document
Extrinsic
Object
Clinical
Domain
Field
Surgery
Dermatology
Organ
Systems
Central
Nervous
System
Coding
System
classifiedBy
classifiedBy
ClassificationNodes
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

6. ebXML Registry Implementation: Relational Database with Stored Procedures
ebXML registry implementations store registry data in a relational database
The Query Manager component constructs the objects by obtaining the required data from the relational database through SQL queries
When a client submits a request to the registry, registry objects are constructed by retrieving the related information from the database through SQL queries and are served to the user through the methods of these objects
Alternatively, SQL can be directly used to retrieve data (You need to know the relational schema)
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

7. ebXML Registry Semantic Support Summary (I)
Through the constructs provided in an ebXML registry, it is possible to define:
Classes and class hierarchies
Properties through “slot” mechanism
Properties of classes through predefined association types
Predefined associations can be extended
Group registry objects
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

8. ebXML Registry Semantic Support Summary (II)
All this information is stored in the registry, and
Can be used to relate registry items with one another
Can OWL ontologies be stored in ebXML registries through ebXML registry constructs?
We will give it a try!
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

9. ebXML Registry Semantic Constructs: References
ebXML Registry Information Model v2.5, documents/2.5/specs/ebRIM.pdf
ebXML Registry Services Specification v2.5, documents/2.5/specs/ebRIM.pdf
freebXML Registry Open Source Project,
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

10. Outline… Semantics in ebXML registries
ebXML Registry Semantic Constructs
A brief introduction to OWL
Mapping OWL constructs to ebXML registry
Making ebXML registries OWL aware
Exploiting ebXML registry semantics in the healthcare domain
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

11. Web Ontology Language: OWL
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

12. Ontology Languages and OWL
DAML:Darpa Agent
Markup Language
OIL: Ontology Inference
Layer (European
Commission Project)
DAML+OIL
RDF (Resource
Description
Framework)
OWL: Web Ontology
Language (Being
Standardized by W3C)
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

13. OWL = RDF Schema + more
All of the elements/attributes provided by RDF and RDF Schema can be used when creating an OWL document
OWL classes permit much greater expressiveness than RDF Schema classes
Consequently, OWL has created their own Class, owl:Class
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

14. OWL Classes
Ministry of Interior has defined ontologies for their information in OWL
For example:
<owl:Class rdf:ID=“Crimes"> </owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:ID=“Robbery">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Crimes"/>
</owl:Class> …
<owl:Class rdf:ID=“Speeding">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Crimes"/>
</owl:Class>
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

15. OWL Properties Crimes Literal Robbery Thief Speeding Speeder
<owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:ID=“description">
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Crime"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource=“
</owl:DatatypeProperty >
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID=“suspect">
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Robbery"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource=“#Thief>
</owl:ObjectProperty >
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID=“driver">
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Speeding"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource=“#Speeder"/>
description
Crimes
Literal
suspect
Robbery
Thief
driver
Speeding
Speeder
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

16. An Example (From Ref 3)
Finger prints from a robbery scene identified John Smith as the suspect
Here is the police report on the robbery:
<Robbery rdf:ID="report xyz">
<description>...</description>
<suspect>
<Thief rdf:about=" </suspect>
</Robbery>
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

17. An Example (Continued)
Later in the day a police gives a person a ticket for speeding
The driver's license showed the name John Doe
Here is the police report on the speeder:
<Speeding rdf:ID="report abc">
<description>...</description>
<driver>
<Speeder rdf:about="
</driver>
</Speeding>
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

18. Any Relationship between the Thief and the Speeder?
Ministry of Interior keeps the OWL descriptions of their files:
<Criminals rdf:about=" ">
<owl:sameAs rdf:resource=" "/>
</Criminals>
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

19. An Example OWL Reasoning (Continued)
Thief
Speeder
John Smith
John Doe
owl:sameAs
Inference: The Thief and the Speeder are one and
the same!
OWL provides a property (owl:sameAs) for indicating that two resources (e.g., two people) are the same
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

20. OWL Summary OWL is an Ontology Specification Language
It is build on RDF with DAML+OIL experience
OWL has more expressive power than RDF such as:
Boolean Combinations of Class Expressions (unionOf, intersectionOf, complementOf, …)
Several Types of Properties (Transitive, Functional, Symmetric, …)
Equivalence or disjointness of classes
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

21. OWL: References (I)
OWL Web Ontology Language Reference:
Costello, R. L., Jacobs, D. B., OWL Web Ontology Language,
Costello, R. L., Jacobs, D. B., A Quick Introduction to OWL Web Ontology Language, 08_Tutorial_D.ppt
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

22. OWL: References (II)
Antoniou, G., Harmalen, F., “Web Ontology Language: OWL”, in Handbook on Ontologies, Springer, 2004
Horrocks, I., “DAML+OIL: A Description Logic for the Semantic Web”, IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin, Vol. 25, No. 1, March 2000
McGuinness, D., Harmelen, F.,OWL Web Ontology Language Overview,
Smith, M., Welty, C., McGuinnes, D., OWL Web Ontology Language Guide,
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

23. Outline… Semantics in ebXML registries
ebXML Registry Semantic Constructs
A brief introduction to OWL
Mapping OWL constructs to ebXML registry
Making ebXML registries OWL aware
Exploiting ebXML registry semantics in the healthcare domain
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

24. The Basic Ideas in Mapping OWL Constructs to ebXML Classification Hierarchies
Mapping OWL classes → ebXML Classification Nodes
Mapping OWL Datatype properties → ebXML Slots
Mapping OWL Object properties → ebXML Association Types
Mapping the relationships between properties (such as “rdfs:subPropertyOf”) → Associations between associations
Using existing Association Types when available
E.g. “owl:equivalentClass” → ebXML Predefined Association Type “EquivalentTo”
Creating new Association Types when necessary
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

25. OWL Classes and RDF Properties → ebXML RIM
OWL classes → ebXML ClassificationNodes
OWL properties → ebXML new Association Types
Example:
Dermatology
OWL:
<owl:Class rdf:ID=“Dermatology">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="# ClinicalDomain"/>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:ID=“DermatologyField">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#ClinicalDomain"/>
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID=“equivalentTo">
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Dermatology"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="# DermatologyField"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
ObjectProperty: equivalentTo
Dermatology Field
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

26. OWL Classes and RDF Properties → ebXML RIM
OWL classes → ClassificationNodes
OWL Properties → ebXML new Associations Types
Example:
ebXML RIM:
<rim:ClassificationNode id = ‘Dermatology‘ parent= 'ClinicalDomain'>
<rim:Name> <rim:LocalizedString value = “Dermatology "/> </rim:Name>
</rim:ClassificationNode>
<rim:ClassificationNode id = ' Dermatology Field‘ parent= ‘ClinicalDomain'>
<rim:Name> <rim:LocalizedString value = “Dermatology Field "/> </rim:Name>
<rim:Association id = 'promotion‘ associationType = ‘ObjectProperty'
sourceObject = 'Dermatology '
targetObject = ‘Dermatology Field' >
<rim:Name> <rim:LocalizedString value = “equivalentTo"/> </rim:Name>
</rim:Association>
Clinical Domain
Dermatology
Field
Association of type “ObjectProperty”: equivalentTo
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

27. Summary - Mapping OWL constructs to ebXML registry (I)
OWL constructs can be mapped ebXML Registry semantic constructs
Ontologies can play two major roles in ebXML registry:
One is to provide a source of shared and precisely defined terms which can be used to dynamically discover objects in the registry
The other is to reason about the ontologies
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

28. Summary - Mapping OWL constructs to ebXML registry (II)
When an ontology language like OWL is mapped to a class hierarchy like the one in ebXML, the first role can directly be achieved
However, for the second role, the reasoners can not directly run on the ebXML class hierarchy
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

29. Summary - Mapping OWL constructs to ebXML registry (III)
Some OWL constructs are for reasoners to use them
The fact is that we do not have industrial strength reasoners yet!
Semantic can also be taken advantage of through querying
This work is realized within the scope of IST 2104 SATINE project supported by the European Commission and details are available at:
Dogac, A., Kabak, Y., Laleci, G., “Enriching ebXML Registries with OWL Ontologies for Efficient Service Discovery”, in Proc. of RIDE'04, Boston, March 2004,
IST 2104 SATINE project
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

30. Outline… Semantics in ebXML registries
ebXML Registry Semantic Constructs
A brief introduction to OWL
Mapping OWL constructs to ebXML registry
Making ebXML registries OWL aware
Exploiting ebXML registry semantics in the healthcare domain
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

31. Making ebXML registries OWL aware
As already demonstrated OWL constructs can be mapped to ebXML registry information model constructs
In this process, the ebXML Registry architecture is not modified
In this way, the semantic explicitly stored in the registry can be retrieved through querying
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

32. Making ebXML registries OWL aware
For example, “subClassOf” association is defined in ebXML registry to express “multiple inheritance”
Yet to make any use of this semantics, the user must code the query, say, to find out all the super classes of a given class
An improvement: The code to process the OWL semantics can be stored in ebXML registry architecture through predefined procedures
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

33. The following generic stored procedure can be used whenever necessary!
ClassificationNode(…, id, objectType, code, parent, path)
Association(…, id, objectType, associationType,
sourceObject, targetObject, isConfirmedBySourceOwner, isConfirmedByTargetOwner)
Name_(charset, lang, value, parent) …
CREATE PROCEDURE findSuperClasses($className) AS
BEGIN
SELECT C2.id
FROM Association A, Name_ N, ClassificationNode C1, ClassificationNode C2
WHERE A.associationType LIKE 'subClassOf' AND
C1.id = N.parent AND
N.value LIKE $className AND
A.sourceObject = C1.id AND
A.targetObject = C2.id
END; …
Surgery
Field
Central
Nervous
System
NeuroSurgery
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

34. The following generic stored procedure can be used to find the object properties of a given class
ClassificationNode(…, id, objectType, code, parent, path)
Association(…, id, objectType, associationType,
sourceObject, targetObject, isConfirmedBySourceOwner, isConfirmedByTargetOwner)
Name_(charset, lang, value, parent)
CREATE PROCEDURE findObjectProperties($className) AS
BEGIN
SELECT A.id
FROM Association A, Name_ N, ClassificationNode C
WHERE A.associationType LIKE 'objectProperty' AND
C.id = N.parent AND
N.value LIKE $className AND
A.sourceObject = C.id
END;
By using such stored procedures some of the OWL semantics can be extracted from the ebXML registry!
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

35. Making ebXML registries OWL aware
How about reasoning?
Reasoning entails the derivation of new data that is not directly stored in the registry
To deduce this data, rules need to be stored in the registry
However, this approach requires considerable changes in the registry architecture and brings about the efficiency considerations of rule based systems
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

36. Making ebXML registries OWL aware: Summary
After mapping OWL constructs to ebXML Registry, the Registry can be enhanced with stored procedures to support the processing required by the OWL constructs
This work is realized within the scope of IST 2104 SATINE project supported by the European Commission and details are available at:
A. Dogac, Y. Kabak, G. B. Laleci, C. Mattocks, F. Najmi, J. Pollock, "Enhancing ebXML Registries to Make them OWL Aware", Distributed and Parallel Databases Journal, Springer, Vol. 18, No. 1, July 2005, pp (Science Citation Index Expanded, Impact Factor: ).
IST 2104 SATINE project
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

37. A Recent Development… A new proposal for an OASIS Profile…
ebXML Registry Profile for Web Ontology
Language (OWL)
Version 1.0 Draft 2
Draft OASIS Profile, January 27, 2006
Available at:
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

38. Outline… Semantics in ebXML registries
ebXML Registry Semantic Constructs
A brief introduction to OWL
Mapping OWL constructs to ebXML registry
Making ebXML registries OWL aware
Exploiting ebXML registry semantics in the healthcare domain
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

39. A Brief Introduction to Integrating Healthcare Enterprise (IHE)– Cross Enterprise Document Sharing (XDS)
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

40. IHE - XDS
In the IHE XDS Profile, healthcare enterprises that agree to work together for clinical document sharing form an “XDS Affinity Domain“
Such institutes agree on a common set of policies such as how the patients are identified, the access is controlled, and the common set of coding terms to represent the metadata of the documents
In IHE XDS, the ebXML repository is used for storing the clinical documents in a persistent manner
The metadata stored at the ebXML registry is used to facilitate the discovery of the documents
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

41. An IHE XDS Affinity Domain
Document
Repository
ebXML Registry
Source
Consumer
Provide &
Register
2. Register
3. Query
4. Retrieve
An XDS Affinity
Domain
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

42. Exchanging Documents between different XDS Domains
However since patients expect their records to follow them as they move from one XDS affinity domain to another, there is a need for the clinical affinity domains to be federated, that is, they should be able to exchange information
Main difficulties in doing this:
Different Coding terms can be used in different XDS domains…
Different Patient identifiers may be used… …
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

43. IHE XDS Metadata
XDS specifies a set of predefined metadata elements to be associated with XDS documents, submission sets and folders to facilitate their discovery
Some of the metadata elements are straightforward document properties such as “authorDepartment" or “creationTime”
Healthcare domain specific semantics is provided only through “classCode”s
A “classCode” is represented as an External Classification in ebXML registry
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

44. Example Metadata Representations in ebXML
XSD Document Attribute
Definition
ebRIM Representation
authorDepartment
Department of the document author
Slot
practiceSettingCode
The code specifying the clinical specialty where the act that resulted in the document was performed
External Classification
parentDocument Relationship
The type of relationship that the document has with the
parentDocument (e.g. Replace, addendum, or transformation)
Association Type
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

45. “NeuroSurgery" documents with : “CentralNervousSystem”
Federated XDS
“NeuroSurgery" documents
are coded in UMLS
with : “CentralNervousSystem”
(C ) and
“Surgery” (C )
Document
Repository
ebXML Registry
Source
Consumer
Provide &
Register
2. Register
3. Query
4. Retrieve
XDS Affinity
Domain A
Query and
Retrieve
“NeuroSurgery"
Documents From
XDS Domain B
Document
Repository
ebXML Registry
Source
Consumer
Provide &
Register
2. Register
3. Query
4. Retrieve
XDS Affinity
Domain B
“NeuroSurgery"
Documents are coded
in LOINC code
“ ”
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

46. Example Clinical Domain Ontologies
These OWL ontologies are
stored to and queried from
ebXML registries as described
Clinical
Domain
Field
Surgery
Dermatology
Organ
Systems
Central
Nervous
System
Clinical
Domain
Surgery
Dermatology
Neurosurgery
Intersection Of
EquivalentClass
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

47. “NeuroSurgery" documents with : “CentralNervousSystem”
Semantic Mediation…
“NeuroSurgery" documents
are coded in UMLS
with : “CentralNervousSystem”
(C ) and
“Surgery” (C )
Document
Repository
ebXML Registry
Source
Consumer
Provide &
Register
2. Register
3. Query
4. Retrieve
XDS Affinity
Domain A
Query and
Retrieve
“NeuroSurgery"
Documents From
XDS Domain B
OWL Mapping
Tool
Document
Repository
ebXML Registry
Source
Consumer
Provide &
Register
2. Register
3. Query
4. Retrieve
XDS Affinity
Domain B
“NeuroSurgery"
Documents are coded
in LOINC code
“ ”
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

48. OWL Mapping Tool (OWLmt)
Latest version of OWLmt tool is available as open source at Sourceforge repository under Mozilla Public Licence. (
You can download source code of OWLmt tool by using a CVS client with the following parameters: Server: cvs.sourceforge.net Repository Folder: /cvsroot/owlmt Protocol: pserver Username: anonymous Module Name: OWLmt Alper Okcan at can be contacted for further info on OWLmt
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

49. Summary: Using ebXML Registry Semantics in the Healthcare Domain
ebXML registry semantics support mechanisms can be very useful
Here, a case related with IHE XDS is presented
This work is achieved within the scope of the IST 2103 Artemis project and the details are available at:
Dogac, A., Laleci, G., Aden, T., Eichelberg M., "Enhancing IHE XDS for Federated Clinical Affinity Domain Support", submitted for publication
Artemis project
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

50. Conclusions… ebXML Registry offers semantic constructs
It will be beneficial to use these semantic constructs to improve real world applications
An example from eHealth domain is presented
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

51. Thank you...
Questions?
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

52. Extra Slides on ebXML Registry Information Model
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

53. ebXML Registry Information Model (RIM)
RegistryObject
ClassificationNode
Classification
RegistryEntry
Association
ClassificationScheme
RegistryPackage
ExtrinsicObject
Service
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

54. ebXML Registry Information Model (RIM)
The RegistryObject class is an abstract base class used by most classes in the model
Slot instances provide a dynamic way to add arbitrary attributes to RegistryObject instances
Association instances are RegistryObject instances that are used to define many- to-many associations between objects in the information model
ClassificationScheme instances are RegistryEntry instances that describe a structured way to classify or categorize RegistryObject instances
ClassificationNode instances are RegistryObject instances that are used to define tree structures under a ClassificationScheme
Classification instances are RegistryObject instances that are used to classify other RegistryObject instances
RegistryPackage instances are RegistryEntry instances that group logically related RegistryObject instances together
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

55. Some of the Predefined Association Types in ebXML Registries
RelatedTo
Relates Registry Objects
HasMember
Defines the members of the Registry Package
Contains
Defines that Source Registry Object contains the Target Registry Object
EquivalentTo
Defines that Source Registry Object is equivalent to the Target Registry Object
Extends
Defines that Source Registry Object inherits from the Target Registry Object
Implements
Defines that Source Registry Object implements the functionality defined by the Target Registry Object
InstanceOf
Defines that Source Registry Object is an instance of the Target Registry Object
ebXML allows this list to be extended!
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

56. Extra Slides on OWL
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

57. RDF Schema Features used in OWL
rdfs:Class
rdf:Property
rdfs:subClassOf
rdfs:subPropertyOf
rdfs:domain
rdfs:range
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

58. Defining Property Characteristics
RDF Schema provides three ways to characterize a property:
range: use this to indicate the range of values for a property.
domain: use this to associate a property with a class.
subPropertyOf: use this to specialize a property
OWL documents also use rdfs:range, rdfs:domain, and rdfs:subPropertyOf
OWL has more property types that are useful in inferencing!
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

59. OWL provides three decreasingly expressive sublanguages
OWL Full is meant for users who want maximum expressiveness with no computational guarantees
It is unlikely that any reasoning software will be able to support complete reasoning for OWL Full
OWL DL supports those users who want the maximum expressiveness while retaining computational completeness (all conclusions are guaranteed to be computable) and decidability (all computations will finish in finite time)
OWL Lite supports those users primarily needing a classification hierarchy and simple constraints
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

60. OWL Lite Features (In)Equality: equivalentClass equivalentProperty
sameAs
differentFrom
AllDifferent
distinctMembers
Property Characteristics:
ObjectProperty
DatatypeProperty
inverseOf
TransitiveProperty
SymmetricProperty
FunctionalProperty
InverseFunctionalProperty
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

61. OWL Lite Features Property Type Restrictions: Class Intersection:
onProperty
allValuesFrom
someValuesFrom
Class Intersection:
intersectionOf
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

62. OWL Full Language constructs that are in addition to those of OWL Lite
Class Axioms:
oneOf, dataRange
disjointWith
equivalentClass (applied to class expressions)
rdfs:subClassOf (applied to class expressions)
Boolean Combinations of Class Expressions:
unionOf
intersectionOf
complementOf
Arbitrary Cardinality:
minCardinality
maxCardinality
cardinality
Filler Information:
hasValue
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006

63. An Example to Restriction
<owl:Class rdf:ID=“TaxPreparationService">
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#paymentMethod"/>
<owl:allValuesFrom rdf:resource= "#CreditCard"/>
</owl:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
Asuman Dogac
Ontolog Forum, March 2, 2006