1. AP World History POD #22 – Religion, Oil and War in the Middle East Road Map to Peace

2. Class Discussion Questions Beck – “Conflicts In the Middle East”, pp. 1017-1023

3. What is Zionism?  a philosophical movement, founded by Dr, Chaim Weizman, Theodor Herzl  non-Jews can’t be a part of Zionism  to be a Jew you must be born a Jew, and to be a member of a Zionist state you must be a Jew  Zionism is an Eastern European form of nationalism- it desired and exclusively ethnic (Jewish) state  Judaism is a religious and ethnic movement  Goal = create a living space for the Jews  Target = Palestine  Jews who have the money and opportunity will flee Europe during the 1930s and 1940s  Holy Land circa 1920: Jews made up about 15% of the population and owned about 5% of the wealth and land

4. How did the Zionist movement look to gain greater strength and power in Palestine?  at the end of the Ottoman Empire (1918) many feudal barons owned the land and the British took control of these deeds (UN Mandate System)  the World Jewish Organization in the 1920s and 1930s bought up the land for Zionism leaving the Arabs homeless  the Arabs feared that the Jews would gain control of all of the land and argued for majority rule (which they had)  the Zionists have in mind the seizure of power, and the creation of the Israeli State  Time favored the Jews, as time passed the Arab majority shrank  The Zionists felt they were vastly superior to the Arabs- nearly all Jews recognized the World Jewish Organization- while there was no Arab unity  Jews have the guns, Arabs didn’t

5. What was the Balfour Declaration?  Zionism- a sociopolitical and non-nationalistic (all Jews allowed) movement that developed among European Jews in the last quarter of the 19th century  The Zionists wanted an Allied commitment to create a Jewish Commonwealth in Palestine upon the demise of the Ottoman Empire  Lord Balfour of Great Britain declared the approval of the establishment in Palestine of a national home for Jewish people, but that the rights of non-Jews in the area had to be respected  Supported by the British Cabinet and President Wilson (USA)  Husayn-MacMahon Agreement (1916) promised the creation of an Arab nation state  The same land was promised to both the Arabs and the Jews

6. How did the Arab community respond to the Balfour Declaration?  filed petitions to the League of Nations- but they get stonewalled by the British  1922 protest riots- 500 Jewish / 350 Arab casualties  White Paper- Winston Churchill (1922)- restated the Balfour Declaration and promises the immigration into Palestine as recognition for Jews, but also recognizes the rights of the Palestinians  1936 major Arab uprising in Palestine and Syria- the Arabs lost their political leaders and property from the resulting arrests (this was an anti-western imperialism uprising)

7. How was Israel created?  World War II accelerated the migration to Palestine and gain the Jews a great deal more sympathy  The Arabs takes the side of Germany and Italy (1941 summer Arab pro-Nazi uprising)  Jewish veterans who served in the British Army gained access to modern military equipment and advanced training  The Jews gained a close relationship with Britain and were given the opportunity to take over the British positions as they withdrew from Palestine  plans were dictated by power on the ground  the British military headquarters at the King David Hotel was blown up by the Jews  the British left Palestine  the Zionists wanted nothing but a State of David and control of Jerusalem  the Muslims wanted to control Jerusalem and did not like the idea of Jewish areas- they wanted control as a result of the “Arab Majority Rule”  the Arabs opposed any loss of land  *** This plan was based on the idea that if it could be done in Switzerland, it could be done in Palestine

8. What was the result of the 1948- 1949 Israeli War for Independence?  the Arab nations defied the UN decision for a Jewish state and attacked Israel  despite their greater numbers, the Arabs were driven back and lost territory  in 1949 the Arab states accepted as temporary armistices arranged by a United Nations mediator  The Arab nations also defied the UN decision for a Palestinian Arab state. The areas proposed for such a state were seized- the Gaza strip by Egypt and the land on the West Bank of the Jordan River by Jordan

9. What was the result of the 1956 Suez Crisis?  Egyptian leader General Abd el- Nasser desired to nationalize and seize the Suez Canal  Israel feared Egypt’s intentions and military build up which resulted from an arms deal with the Soviet bloc  Egypt blockades the port of Aqaba on the Red Sea and seizes the Suez Canal  The British and French negotiated a secret alliance with Israel in which the Israelis would initiate a war with Nasser and Egypt and would gain support from the British and French  US Secretary of State John F. Dulles promised that the Americans would cover this attack claiming that it was a NATO problem  War was initiated- the French and British landed at Port Siad and Suez  Eisenhower cancelled American support and ordered the Treasury Department to sell French and British securities forcing these nations to pull out because they would not be able to finance the war without American support  The United Nations emergency controlled and supervised the Israeli- Egyptian border in the Sinai Peninsula for 10 years  Israel was free from Egyptian raids and free to use the Gulf of Aqaba  Nasser won a great victory as he was the first person to stand up to the west successfully

10. What was the result of the 1967 Six- Day War?  Egypt entered into military alliances with Syria and Jordan- and the Arab states moved their armies toward their borders with Israel  Nasser secured removal of the United Nations Emergence Force and closed the Gulf of Aqaba to Israel shipping  Israel was forced to call up its military reserves  In the Six Day war the Israelis routed the Arab forces  The Israelis seized:  from Egypt- the Gaza Strip and the entire Sinai Peninsula westward to the Suez and southward to Sharm el Sheikh, opening the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping  from Jordan- the West Bank of the Jordan River, including the Old City of Jerusalem  from Syria- the Golan Heights  UN Security Council resolutions helped the fighting end  Israel urged peace talks  Egypt and Syria spoke of another round of fighting

11. What was the result of the 1973 Yom Kippur War?  Syria and Egypt launched a surprise attack against Israel  Israeli forces, hastily mobilized, and slowly reversed the initial Syrian and Egyptian gains  Israel achieved air supremacy  Israel advanced against the Syrians on the Golan Heights  Israel crossed the Suez Canal westward into Egypt proper, trapping a 20,000 man Egyptian force in the Sinai desert  Against this background- the three warring nations accepted the UN cease-fire calls

12. What was the 1987 and 2001 Intifada?  popular uprisings by the Palestinian people  used terror tactics and violence in an attempt to drive Israel from the occupied territories  this has resulted in further Israel’s repression of the Palestinian people

13. What does United Nations Resolution 242 call for?  UN RESOLUTION 242 (1967)- called for Arab recognition of Israel in exchange for Israeli withdrawal from land occupied in the 1967 war  United States Resolution 242 (1967)  November 1967  Calls for a recognition of Israel’s right to exist  Calls for an end to the state of war maintained by the Arab world against Israel  Calls for secure and recognized boundaries for Israel

14. Why was Egyptian President Anwar Sadat’s visit to Israel significant?  Sadat visits Israel (1977)  Egyptian President Anwar Sadat visited Israel and spole to the Knesset (Parliament in Israel)  Sadat acknowledged that Israel’s existence is a fact and stated that we Arab’s “welcome you to live among us in peace and prosperity”  He reiterated demands fro the return of all land occupied by Israel in the 1967 war and for the recognition of Palestinian rights to a homeland  *** This divided the Arab world- Sadat was embraced in Egypt and denounced as a traitor by the PLO

15. What were the Camp David Accords?  Camp David Accords (1978)  Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, Israeli Prime Minister Menachim Begin, and United States President Jimmy Carter  “Framework for peace in the Middle East”- dealt with the West Bank and Gaza Strip  Palestinians living in these areas will receive self-rule through an elected council. Thereafter, the Israeli military government will end and Israeli troops will be partially withdrawn  Within three years, Israel, Egypt, Jordan, and the elected Palestinian representatives will begin discussions on the final status of the areas  “Framework for a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel” – dealt with the Sinai Peninsula  Israel agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt  Egypt agreed to demilitarize much of Sinai and to permit peacekeeping forces to be stationed in the strategic Sinai areas  Israeli ships were granted free passage through the Suez Canal and Gulf of Aqaba  Egypt and Israel will negotiate a peace treaty and establish normal relations

16. What happened to Anwar Sadat as a result of signing the peace with Israel? Why?  Assassination of Egypt’s President Sadat (1981)  Anwar a-Sadat was assassinated by four men who were later identified as Egyptian Muslim fundamentalists holding similar beliefs to the religious party in control of Iran  Replaced by Hosni Mubark

17. What were the 1993 Oslo Peace Accords? What happened to Israeli Prime Minister Yitzak Rabin as a result of negotiating this accord? Why?  Oslo Peace Accords (1993)  There was a month of secret talks between Israel and PLO  PLO accepted Israel’s “right to exist in peace and security” and renounced “the use of terrorism and other acts of violence”  Israel recognized the PLO as “the representative of the Palestinian people”  Yitzak Rabin assassinated by Jewish fundamentalists who felt he was too soft on the Arabs

18. Why did Israel begin the process of unilateral withdrawal in 2005? How did the Israeli settlers view this action?  Unilateral Withdrawal (2005)  Ariel Sharon ordered the removal of Jewish settlers from towns in the Gaza Strip