1. Troubles at Home and Abroad

2. Conflicts in the Northwest Territory Treaty of Paris at end of Revolutionary War: U.S. won the territory north and west of the Ohio River to the Mississippi River. Treaty of Paris at end of Revolutionary War: U.S. won the territory north and west of the Ohio River to the Mississippi River. Most of the tribes had sided with the British, but they had not been informed by the British that their lands would now be part of the United States. Most of the tribes had sided with the British, but they had not been informed by the British that their lands would now be part of the United States. Native Tribes resisted the settlement of the area by the United States Native Tribes resisted the settlement of the area by the United States

3. A Struggle Over Lands Native Americans wanted to keep land and began attacking American settlements Native Americans wanted to keep land and began attacking American settlements Federal government tried to force Native Americans to sell lands. Federal government tried to force Native Americans to sell lands. Some agreed. Many in the north did not. Some agreed. Many in the north did not. The main tribes fighting the Americans were the Miami Nation and Shawnees The main tribes fighting the Americans were the Miami Nation and Shawnees

4. A Series of Battles 1790, Washington sent force to end Native American attacks. Natives beat the American forces soundly. 1790, Washington sent force to end Native American attacks. Natives beat the American forces soundly. A year later another force was sent. A year later another force was sent. It ended up being the worst defeat the army would ever suffer in a battle with Native Americans. It ended up being the worst defeat the army would ever suffer in a battle with Native Americans. Washington turns to Gen. “Mad” Anthony Wayne to lead forces. Washington turns to Gen. “Mad” Anthony Wayne to lead forces. Aug. 1794, major victory for Wayne at the Battle of Fallen Timbers Aug. 1794, major victory for Wayne at the Battle of Fallen Timbers

5. 1795- Treaty of Greenville- leaders of the defeated Native American nations gave up most of their lands from the Ohio River in the south to Lake Erie in the North. (what is today most of Ohio) 1795- Treaty of Greenville- leaders of the defeated Native American nations gave up most of their lands from the Ohio River in the south to Lake Erie in the North. (what is today most of Ohio)

6. The French Revolution Began in 1789 Began in 1789 Most Americans supported French revolutionaries in the beginning: they were rebelling against a King. Most Americans supported French revolutionaries in the beginning: they were rebelling against a King. Soon became controversial- Soon became controversial- Why? Why? –More violent  Mid 1793- Period called the Reign of Terror –Executed ~ 17,000 people –Early 1793, France and Britain at war President Washington said U.S. would remain neutral (not favoring either side in a dispute) President Washington said U.S. would remain neutral (not favoring either side in a dispute)

7. The Execution of Louis XVI

8. Why remain neutral? Why remain neutral? U.S. wanted to trade with both countries, but each country feared the trade would benefit the other country. U.S. wanted to trade with both countries, but each country feared the trade would benefit the other country. Both France and England stopped American ships and began seizing their cargoes. Both France and England stopped American ships and began seizing their cargoes. British made things worse. British made things worse. –Impressment (seizing the sailors and forcing them to serve in the British army) of sailors on American ships Hamilton told Washington to stay friendly with Britain because American prosperity depended on England more than France. Hamilton told Washington to stay friendly with Britain because American prosperity depended on England more than France.

9. Q: Based off what we know about Washington and Hamiltion, do you think Washington listened to Hamilton’s advice? Q: Based off what we know about Washington and Hamiltion, do you think Washington listened to Hamilton’s advice? A: Yes, Washington usually heeded the advice given by Hamilton. He Sent John Jay to London to solve problems A: Yes, Washington usually heeded the advice given by Hamilton. He Sent John Jay to London to solve problems Jay returned in 1795 with a treaty Jay returned in 1795 with a treaty –U.S. agreed to pay debts –Britain agreed to pay for the seized ships, withdraw troops from the NW territory, stop aiding Native Americans. –Britain refused to cease impressment of U.S. sailors Jay Treaty angered Republicans Jay Treaty angered Republicans –U.S. give too much/gotten too little Federalists liked the treaty Federalists liked the treaty –Kept peace with Britain Q: Federalists controlled the Senate. Why is this important? Q: Federalists controlled the Senate. Why is this important? A: Senate must approve all Treaties with other countries. A: Senate must approve all Treaties with other countries. Jay Treaty won Jay Treaty won

10. Washington Retires From Public Life 1796- Farewell Address 1796- Farewell Address Two points Two points –Warned against political divisions at home  Feared violent divisions would tear the nation apart –Foreign policy  Do not get entangled in the European affairs

11. Washington’s Accomplishments 1. The U.S. had a functioning federal government. 1. The U.S. had a functioning federal government. 2. The economy was improving. 2. The economy was improving. 3. Washington had avoided war. 3. Washington had avoided war. 4. The British had been forced to leave their forts in the NW territory. 4. The British had been forced to leave their forts in the NW territory.

12. The Presidency of John Adams 1797-1801

13. A Contentious Beginning… Political parties had developed into powerful forces in the states Political parties had developed into powerful forces in the states –States control electoral college, electors cast two votes each for President Federalists Federalists –John Adams Republicans Republicans –Thomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton tries to get Pinckney elected by getting Southerners to make him their second vote Alexander Hamilton tries to get Pinckney elected by getting Southerners to make him their second vote Adams wins in the electoral college anyway, but by only three votes Adams wins in the electoral college anyway, but by only three votes –Problems?

14. On this week’s episode of Desperate Founding Fathers… Constitution Says… Constitution Says… –Two candidates with the most votes become President and Vice President! So….. President Adams and Vice President Jefferson are from different political parties President Adams and Vice President Jefferson are from different political parties This is changed by Amendment XII (1804) This is changed by Amendment XII (1804) Predictions? Predictions?

15. Signs of hope It almost works at first It almost works at first –Adams and Jefferson have a lot of mutual respect from Revolutionary days –Adams states support for republican government, respect for French, offers Madison high position as envoy to France But Federalist cabinet (mostly Washington loyalists) protests and wins. But Federalist cabinet (mostly Washington loyalists) protests and wins. –Doesn’t take control of cabinet until last year of his presidency Beginning of the end of support for Adams Beginning of the end of support for Adams

16. The French Revolution Interferes American merchant ships being seized by French warships American merchant ships being seized by French warships –French not happy with Jay’s treaty Adams sends delegates to France to negotiate Adams sends delegates to France to negotiate XYZ Affair XYZ Affair –French ministers (X, Y, & Z) requested bribes in order to enter into negotiations

17. Public Opinion toward France Shifts The XYZ affair - Maiden America ravaged by the French 5 members of the Directory in France Britain looking on from on high Rest of the world looking on

18. Fallout from XYZ Affair Many Americans calling for war with France Many Americans calling for war with France –Hamilton, others thought U.S. could gain land –“Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!” Adams feels that U.S. Army and Navy not strong enough to fight a major power Adams feels that U.S. Army and Navy not strong enough to fight a major power –Sends new ministers instead Unpopular move, but….? Unpopular move, but….?

19. Federalists take control Public anger with France strengthens Federalists in congress Public anger with France strengthens Federalists in congress –Win majority of both houses in 1798 –Enacted laws that were restrictive to Democratic-Republican rivals What did Washington warn about again? What did Washington warn about again?

20. Naturalization Act What did it do? Increases from five to fourteen number of years required to qualify for U.S. citizenship Increases from five to fourteen number of years required to qualify for U.S. citizenship Why would it favor the Federalists? Most immigrants voted with the Democratic-Republicans Most immigrants voted with the Democratic-Republicans

21. Alien Acts What did it do? Authorized the president to deport any aliens considered to be dangerous Authorized the president to deport any aliens considered to be dangerous Authorized the president to detain any enemy aliens in a time of war Authorized the president to detain any enemy aliens in a time of war Why would it favor the Federalists? Democratic-Republicans sympathetic to the French Revolution Democratic-Republicans sympathetic to the French Revolution

22. Sedition Act What did it do? Makes it illegal for newspapers to criticize the president or Congress Makes it illegal for newspapers to criticize the president or Congress Imposed heavy penalties for editors who violated the new law Imposed heavy penalties for editors who violated the new law –Fines –Imprisonment Why would it favor the Federalists? Are you kidding? Are you kidding? Representative Matthew Lyon of Vermont, arrested under the Sedition Act of 1798, attacking a fellow congressman

23. Responses to Alien and Sedition Acts Republicans say that they violate First Amendment Republicans say that they violate First Amendment –Judicial Review not yet established, so no Supreme Court case Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions –Written, respectively, by Jefferson and Madison Argument: Since states had entered into the compact (Constitution), they can nullify a federal law that breaks the agreement. They try to get other state legislatures enact “nullification” laws. Argument: Since states had entered into the compact (Constitution), they can nullify a federal law that breaks the agreement. They try to get other state legislatures enact “nullification” laws. They didn’t. They didn’t.

24. The Crisis Fades Federalists, due to the unpopularity of these laws, lose their majority in the election of 1800 Federalists, due to the unpopularity of these laws, lose their majority in the election of 1800 –Republicans allow the Alien and Sedition Acts to expire or repeal parts of them –Under John Marshall, Supreme Court will establish role as the last resort in determining if a law is constitutional News of a new peace with France doesn’t make it to the U.S. until after the election News of a new peace with France doesn’t make it to the U.S. until after the election

25. Judging Adams Keeps U.S. out of war, preserves neutrality Keeps U.S. out of war, preserves neutrality Strengthens the Navy Strengthens the Navy Peaceful transfer of power in 1800 Peaceful transfer of power in 1800 Relationship with France damaged Relationship with France damaged New taxes imposed New taxes imposed Party politics become entrenched Party politics become entrenched Dislike for the Federalist Congress and the Alien and Sedition Acts cost Adams his reelection and gave control of Congress to the Republicans. But in weighing his presidency, we have to consider the negative along with the positive: