1. Abdul Aziz ibn Saud Saudi Arabia

2. Abdul Aziz ibn Saud 1876 (81?)-1953 Started conquest of Arabian peninsula in 1902 Proclaimed the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932 One of the “world’s greatest nation- builders”

3. The Arabian Peninsula http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/arabworld /xnejd.html

4. British interests in the Persian Gulf; empire by treaty Gulf piracy in the Persian Gulf  British shipping unsafe  the Persian Gulf turned into a “British lake” (Rogan, 175) in the early 1800s The shaykhdoms (later emirates) along the Gulf coast made treaties with the British; no attacks on British shipping in return for access to British ports in the Gulf and Indian Ocean The shaykhdoms became more or less British protectorates in the late 1800s The oil made the Persian Gulf even more significant for the British

5. New Arab state in the Gulf Ibn Saud had conquered Riyadh in 1902; expanded towards the Gulf 1913; the Hasa region conquered  dominant new power in the Gulf 1915; the British concluded a treaty with Ibn Saud – recognition of his leadership in return for “allegiance” to the British The British armed and supplied Ibn Saud’s forces hoping he would fight the Ottomans

6. The western expansion Ibn Saud used British arms to conquer the territories west of Riyadh; the Hijaz Conflict between Sharif Husayn, another British ally, and Ibn Saud – they both aspired to rule the entire Arabian Peninsula The Arab Revolt weakened Husayn’s position in the Hijaz  progress for Ibn Saud 1916- 1918

7. Armed conflict June 1918; first armed conflict between the Hashemites and Ibn Saud’s troops (at Khurma); the Hashemites decimated Under British pressure, Ibn Saud suggested a truce; Hijaz would stay Hashemite, borders/territories to be mutually accepted Sharif Husayn rejected the offer and sent troops against Ibn Saud who repelled them easily May 1919; Amir Abdullah ordered by his father to lead attack on the Wahhabi forces (Turaba)  Disaster for the Hashemites The British demanded that the Wahhabi forces withdraw from conquered oasis towns – Ibn Saud complied

8. Downfall of the Hashemites The British tried, with the help of T.E. Lawrence, to make agreement with Sharif Husayn  rejected; Sharif Husayn insisted that the British wartime promises be fulfilled  He forfeited British protection against Ibn Saud Sharif Husayn increasingly unpopular – In the Hijaz due to his shortcomings as a ruler – Seen as a traitor in the Arab territories – Denounced by Muslims worldwide when he claimed title of Caliph in 1924  Troublesome ally for the British

9.  September 1924; the Ikhwan attacked Taif (near Mecca)  The notables of the Hijaz forced Sharif Husayn to abdicate; his son Ali declared as king  Ibn Saud continued his advance nevertheless;  Mecca conquered by mid-October, 1924  Jidda and Medina under siege by January 1925  King Ali surrendered his kingdom in December 1925 The British claimed neutrality in the conflict

10. The new state Ibn Saud declared “sultan of Najd and king of the Hijaz” New treaty with the British, the Treaty of Jiddah (1927); full independence and sovereignty recognized – The British did not believe there was oil in Saudi Arabia… Ibn Saud further expanded his state and renamed it Saudi Arabia in 1932

11. Key to success Wahhabism and Ikhwan; puritanical reformist doctrine and military prowess Ibn Saud able to combine position as secular, victorious tribal leader with his role as religious leader of the Wahhabi order; a “warrior” and a “preacher” Strategy: – Tribes conquered – Tribes forced to settle; equipped with agricultural supplies and arms – Religious indoctrination; Wahhabism gave them a sense of communal loyalty beyond the tribes

12. One of a kind? – A legitimate Arab ruler Kingdom won through his own efforts  legitimacy Rule founded on indigenous traditions of Wahhabi Islam and tribal politics Legal system based on the shari`ah

13. Personal qualities Tall and imposing; a “warrior king” Astute and brave Fair and judicious ruler Pious, dignified and accessible Ruled as a first among equals rather than as absolute monarch Respected existing customs Preferred persuasion to coercion

14. Policies Basic administration and infrastructure developed Ibn Saud’s own family a “true ruling house” Oil not discovered until 1938; Saudi Arabia an impoverished kingdom in the interwar period Cooperated with the Allies during WWII