1. The Constitution

2. Articles of Confederation COULD Make laws Make laws Control military Control military Organize treaties Organize treaties COULD NOT Tax Enforce laws Regulate trade Establish national courts Control money supply No single authority Unicameral legislature where each state had one vote. Unicameral legislature where each state had one vote. Federal system: Power is divided between Federal system: Power is divided between national and state governments.

3. What is one limitation on the political rights of legal aliens? A. They may not attend public schools. B. They are not entitled to legal protection. C. They may not serve on juries. D. They may not own property.

4. What is the government most likely to use to keep track of inflation? A. Unemployment rate B. Civilian labor force C. Consumer price index D. Stock market

5. AOC Accomplishments Ordinance of 1785 – system of surveying land and established townships Ordinance of 1785 – system of surveying land and established townships IN, OH, MI, WI, IL IN, OH, MI, WI, IL Northwest Ordinance – method for governing new territories and admittance into the Union. Northwest Ordinance – method for governing new territories and admittance into the Union. No slavery in these states No slavery in these states

6. Ordinance of 1785 & NW Ordinance

7. The End of the AOC The Articles proved to be too weak for the country. The Articles proved to be too weak for the country. 9 out of 13 had to approve laws. 9 out of 13 had to approve laws. 13 out of 13 had to approve for any amendments. 13 out of 13 had to approve for any amendments. Shay’s rebellion: A group of farmers in Massachusetts were in debt because of heavy state taxes. 1200 rebelled but were defeated. Shay’s rebellion: A group of farmers in Massachusetts were in debt because of heavy state taxes. 1200 rebelled but were defeated.

8. Shay’s Rebellion

9. On what were more than half of the delegates at the 2 nd Continental Congress able to agree? A. That British control over the colonies was too weak B. That the colonies must break away from Britain C. That King George III deserved the loyalty of the colonies D. That the colonies could not win a war against Britain

10. Which term is used to describe the extent to which a change in price causes a change in the quantity demanded? Supply elasticity Supply elasticity Marginal utility Marginal utility Diminishing returns Diminishing returns Demand elasticity Demand elasticity

11. Constitutional Convention May 25, 1787 55 delegates from 12 states met in Philadelphia. May 25, 1787 55 delegates from 12 states met in Philadelphia. The purpose of the meeting was to revise the Articles of Confederation. The purpose of the meeting was to revise the Articles of Confederation. The delegates agreed on four things: The delegates agreed on four things: 1. Throw out the articles. 2. Each state had one vote regardless on the amount of delegates. 3. Keep it secret for 25 years. 4. George Washington would be in charge.

12. Independence Hall

14. Which of the following is not a true statement about the power of Congress under the AOC? A. Congress was unable to regulate trade B. Congress could not pass laws w/o the approval of 9 states C. Congress collected taxes 4 times a year D. Congress had difficulty enforcing its laws

15. What key activity does this map depict? A. A. Middle Passage B. B. Trans-Saharan Slave Trade C. C. Triangle Trade Route D. D. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

16. Plans PLANAUTHORDESCRIPTION VirginiaJames Madison 1. Bicameral legislature based on population. 2. Strong Executive Branch 3. National Court System New Jersey William Patterson 1. Unicameral legislature with equal representation. 2. Strong Executive Branch 3. National Court system Connecticut or Great Roger Sherman 1. Bicameral legislature: Upper house equal and lower house based on population. 2. Strong Executive Branch 3. National Court system

17. Virginia Plan

18. New Jersey Plan

19. Compromises CompromiseDetails GreatBicameral legislature: Upper: Equal (Senate) Lower: Based on population (House of Rep) Three-FifthsOne slave equals three-fifths of a person for the purposes of taxation and representation. Slave TradeCongress can control all aspects of foreign and interstate trade, but they can not stop the slave trade until it is re-addressed in twenty years. ExecutiveThe Executive branch will be lead by one individual called “President” and will be elected every four years by the Electoral College.

20. Ratification Nine out of 13 states had to ratify the Constitution. Nine out of 13 states had to ratify the Constitution. It was signed by the delegates on September 17, 1787. It was signed by the delegates on September 17, 1787. Federalists supported the Constitution. They wrote a series of essays called the Federalist papers that were published in newspapers across the country. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay were the writers defending the Constitution. Federalists supported the Constitution. They wrote a series of essays called the Federalist papers that were published in newspapers across the country. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay were the writers defending the Constitution. Anti-federalists were those that opposed the Constitution. That felt that too much power was given to the National government. They wanted a bill of rights. Anti-federalists were those that opposed the Constitution. That felt that too much power was given to the National government. They wanted a bill of rights. June 21, 1788 New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the Constitution. Rhode Island was the 13th state to ratify it in 1790. June 21, 1788 New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the Constitution. Rhode Island was the 13th state to ratify it in 1790. North Carolina was 12th North Carolina was 12th

22. The Federalist Federalist, No. 10 by James Madison Federalist, No. 10 by James Madison “A Republic, by which I mean a Government in which the scheme of representation takes place... Promises the cure for which we are seeking... “ “A Republic, by which I mean a Government in which the scheme of representation takes place... Promises the cure for which we are seeking... “

23. Writers of the Federalist Papers James Madison Father of the Constitution & 4 th President of the USA John Jay 1 st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Alexander Hamilton 1 st Secretary of Treasury

24. During the Revolutionary period, colonial boycotts of British goods were effective measures of protest because they A. A. Reduced the profits of British merchants B. B. Lowered the cost of imports C. C. Convinced British merchants to join the Loyalist cause D. D. Left British troops short of food and weapons in the colonies

25. Constitution Supreme law of the land. Supreme law of the land. Provides the framework for government in the United States. Provides the framework for government in the United States. All powers of each branch of government are in the Constitution. All powers of each branch of government are in the Constitution.

26. Constitution Breakdown 1. Preamble 2. Seven Articles: I. Legislative Branch II. Executive Branch III. Judicial Branch IV. Relations among states V. Amending process VI. National Supremacy VI. National Supremacy VII. Ratification process 3. Twenty-seven amendments

27. Article Activity You will be put into 7 different groups and each group will be assigned an article. After reading each article out loud as a group, you first need to answer the questions that go with your article. You will then draw a picture that represents that article. This will be presented in front of the class. Be creative on the picture! You will be put into 7 different groups and each group will be assigned an article. After reading each article out loud as a group, you first need to answer the questions that go with your article. You will then draw a picture that represents that article. This will be presented in front of the class. Be creative on the picture!

28. Five Basic Principles The Constitution was designed on five basic principles: The Constitution was designed on five basic principles: Popular Sovereignty Popular Sovereignty Limited Government – Rule of Law Limited Government – Rule of Law Separation of powers Separation of powers Federalism Federalism Checks and Balances Checks and Balances

29. Popular Sovereignty The right of the people to rule themselves (vote). The right of the people to rule themselves (vote). Voters elect representatives and through the Electoral College, they elect a president. Voters elect representatives and through the Electoral College, they elect a president. The president and representatives are there to serve the people. The president and representatives are there to serve the people.

30. Which of the following was not something accepted by delegates of the Constitutional Convention? A. 3/5ths Compromise B. Electoral College C. Great Compromise D. New Jersey Plan

31. Limited Government A danger is that the majority may deny rights to the minority. A danger is that the majority may deny rights to the minority. The Constitution protects the rights of all Americans. The Constitution protects the rights of all Americans. The Bill of Rights was added later to secure the rights of the people. The Bill of Rights was added later to secure the rights of the people. Rule of Law – no one is above the law Rule of Law – no one is above the law

32. According to the Virginia Plan, which of the following determined representation? A. Population B. Size C. Influence D. Location

33. Separation of Powers Baron de Montesquieu believed that executive, legislative, and judicial powers should be separated. Baron de Montesquieu believed that executive, legislative, and judicial powers should be separated. Abuse of power can occur when 1 group holds to much power. Abuse of power can occur when 1 group holds to much power. The Constitution separates powers and incorporates a system of checks and balances. The Constitution separates powers and incorporates a system of checks and balances.

34. Why did the Anti-Federalists object to the Constitution? A. They felt it gave too much power to the national government B. They felt it gave too much power to independent citizens C. They felt it gave too much power to larger states D. They felt it gave too much power to foreign governments

35. Federalism National government shares power with the states. National government shares power with the states. This gives Americans freedom to provide for their own needs. This gives Americans freedom to provide for their own needs. The main reason is sectional differences. The main reason is sectional differences. Types of Power: Types of Power: Enumerated: Powers given to the national government. Can be expressed or implied (Elastic clause). Enumerated: Powers given to the national government. Can be expressed or implied (Elastic clause). Reserved: Powers given to the state governments. Reserved: Powers given to the state governments. Concurrent: Powers shared between national and state. Concurrent: Powers shared between national and state.

36. New Federalism Recently shift of some programs/authority for decision-making on the implementation of the programs back to the state and local governments. Recently shift of some programs/authority for decision-making on the implementation of the programs back to the state and local governments. Started with President Nixon and continued with President Reagan Started with President Nixon and continued with President Reagan

37. Checks and Balances The powers of the government are divided into three branches: The powers of the government are divided into three branches: Legislative: Congress (House of Reps. And Senate) Make laws Legislative: Congress (House of Reps. And Senate) Make laws Executive: President. Enforce laws. Executive: President. Enforce laws. Judicial: Supreme Court. Interpret laws. Judicial: Supreme Court. Interpret laws. The system of checks and balances keeps one branch of government from becoming too powerful. The system of checks and balances keeps one branch of government from becoming too powerful. Diagram on page 88 Diagram on page 88

39. Checks and Balances

40. What is the cartoon saying about Checks and Balances during the Bush Administration?

41. Amending Process Process to formally change the Constitution. Process to formally change the Constitution. An amendment must be proposed and ratified. An amendment must be proposed and ratified. An amendment can be proposed by a 2/3 vote from both houses of Congress or by a national convention called by 2/3 of the state legislatures. The national convention has never occurred. An amendment can be proposed by a 2/3 vote from both houses of Congress or by a national convention called by 2/3 of the state legislatures. The national convention has never occurred. An amendment can be ratified by the approval of ¾ of the state legislatures or by special ratifying conventions that pass in ¾ of the states. The ratifying convention has occurred only once. An amendment can be ratified by the approval of ¾ of the state legislatures or by special ratifying conventions that pass in ¾ of the states. The ratifying convention has occurred only once.

42. Which of the following is an example of the system of checks and balances? A. Legislative branch can appoint judges. B. Executive branch can veto legislation. C. Judicial branch can impeach the president. D. Executive branch can overturn judicial verdicts.

43. Interpretation Loose interpretation: Congress can make any law that the Constitution does not specifically forbid. Loose interpretation: Congress can make any law that the Constitution does not specifically forbid. Strict interpretation: Congress can only make laws that the Constitution gives them direct authority over. Strict interpretation: Congress can only make laws that the Constitution gives them direct authority over. The Supreme Court interprets the Constitution and can declare laws unconstitutional. The Supreme Court interprets the Constitution and can declare laws unconstitutional.

44. Which of the following is one of the 2 ways that an amendment can be proposed? A. By an unanimous vote of the members of the House of Representatives B. By a vote of 2/3rds of the members of both houses of Congress C. By a majority vote of the members of the Senate D. By a joint decision of the president and the VP