1. March 15, 20061 Dr. Douglas B. Lenat, 3721 Executive Center Drive, Suite 100, Austin, TX 78731 Email: Lenat@cyc.com Phone: (512) 342-4001 2 July 2005 Applications of Cyc the Cyc Formal Ontology Upper Ontology Symposium

2. March 15, 20062 2 July 2005 The sentences are written in logic, not English, so computers can deeply understand them, not just store them. It can deduce the same sorts of things from them that you or I could. A formal ontology has two parts: (1) A set of terms (sort of like words) (2) A set of axioms involving those terms (sort of like sentences built out of them)

3. March 15, 20063 2 July 2005 A formal ontology: terms + axioms (in logic) C YC: 300k terms, 3.2 million handcrafted axioms. Very general ones (Upper Ontology) all the way down to some domain-specific terms and axioms. This afternoons talk: Formal Ontologies in general This talk: Examples of how C YC is applied today

4. Application#1: Smarter searching Query: Someone smiling Caption: A man helping his daughter take her first step find information by inference (+KB) When you become happy, you smile. You become happy when someone you love accomplishes a milestone. Taking ones first step is a milestone. Parents love their children. (implies (and (isa ?PARENT Person) (children ?PARENT ?CHILD)) (loves ?PARENT ?CHILD))impliesandisaPersonchildrenloves.

5. vets Do you mean: vets (military veteran) vets (veterinary surgeon) Web Results 1 -25 New Search Revise vets: 25,947 matches 1. Photographs of Cyclo-Vets @ work 2. Veterans National Archives 3. Recommended Vets for Hamster Owners 4. Sponsors on Vets On Line 5. Pops Place BBS Index Page as fast as usual a second later

6. Do you mean: vets (military veteran) vets (veterinary surgeon) Web Results 1 -25 New Search Revise vets: 25,947 matches 1. Photographs of Cyclo-Vets @ work 2. Veterans National Archives 3. Recommended Vets for Hamster Owners 4. Sponsors on Vets On Line 5. Pops Place BBS Index Page (ex-serviceman OR "military veteran") OR vet OR veteran AND NOT (veterinarian OR "veterinary surgeon" OR animal) (ex-serviceman OR mili

7. Do you mean: vets (military veteran) vets (veterinary surgeon) (ex-serviceman OR mili Web Results 1 -25 New Search Revise 2. Surf Point - Society & Issues: Military/Armed Forces: War Veterans 3. A Vet Remembers 4. Retail and Wholesale Merchants of Military/ Veteran Goods and Services 1. Veterans News and Information Service - Military, Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, Coast Guard (ex-serviceman OR "military veteran") OR vet OR veteran AND NOT (veterinarian OR "veterinary surgeon" OR animal) vets: 25,947 matchesvets: 388,109 matches as fast as usual

8. vets Do you mean: vets (military veteran) vets (veterinary surgeon) Web Results 1 -25 New Search Revise vets: 25,947 matches 1. Photographs of Cyclo-Vets @ work 2. Veterans National Archives 3. Recommended Vets for Hamster Owners 4. Sponsors on Vets On Line 5. Pops Place BBS Index Page

9. Do you mean: vets (military veteran) vets (veterinary surgeon) Web Results 1 -25 New Search Revise vets: 25,947 matches 1. Photographs of Cyclo-Vets @ work 2. Veterans National Archives 3. Recommended Vets for Hamster Owners 4. Sponsors on Vets On Line 5. Pops Place BBS Index Page veterinarian OR "veterinary surgeon" OR animal OR vet AND NOT (ex-serviceman OR "military veteran" OR veteran) veterinarian OR veteri

10. Do you mean: vets (military veteran) vets (veterinary surgeon) Web Results 1 -25 New Search Revise vets: 25,947 matches 1. Veterinary Book List 2. Advice from The White Cross Veterinary Group 3. Welcome to the World of Eco-Vet 4. Animal Wellness International 5. The economy or management of animals veterinarian OR "veterinary surgeon" OR veterinary OR vet AND NOT (ex-serviceman OR "military veteran" OR veteran) veterinarian OR veteri vets: 153,060 matches

11. March 15, 200611 Three Improvements to Search Deep semantic search involving n axioms (slow) Add in OR and AND-NOT terms, to reduce the number of false negatives and false positives Suggest plausible appropriate follow-on queries –For veterinarians: how to train to be a vet –For veterans: benefits of reenlisting

12. March 15, 200612 Application#2: Deep Question-Answering Even 2-3 step reasoning is relatively deep Draw on knowledge from all levels of the Cyc ontology (upper, middle, and domain-specific) The following examples come from current DTO and AFRL programs transitioned to RDEC

13. March 15, 200613 What factors argue the conclusion that ? For: - ETA often executes attacks near national election - ETA has performed multi-target coordinated attacks - Over the past 30 years, ETA performed 75% of all terrorist attacks in Spain - Over the past 30 years, 98% of all terrorist attacks in Spain were performed by Spain-based groups, and ETA is a Spain-based group. Against: -ETA warns (a few minutes ahead of time) of attacks that would result in a high number civilian casualties, to prevent them. There was no such warning prior to this attack. -ETA generally takes responsibility for its attacks, and it did not do so this time. -ETA has never been known to falsely deny responsibility for an attack, and it did deny responsibility for this attack.

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17. March 15, 200617 murder of rafik hariri

18. March 15, 200618 murder of rafik hariri

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30. March 15, 200630 Cyc Reasoning Modules Reasoning Modules Interface to External Data Sources Cyc API Knowledge Entry Tools User Interface (with Natural Language Dialog) Data Bases Web Pages Text Sources Other KBs Other Applications Other Applications Knowledge Authors Knowledge Authors Knowledge Users Knowledge Users External Data Sources External Data Sources Cyc Ontology & Knowledge Base A Typical Architecture: Formal Ontology + Inference Engines + Interfaces/APIs

31. March 15, 200631 Application#3: Semantic Data Base Integration (Virtual Joins) Similar to that last deep question answering application, but some of the information is outside the KB: in data bases, on websites, in other ontologies / knowledge bases, etc. Map the schema of each of information source to Cyc, and have it call on those external sources as needed, to solve sub-sub-…-problems of the query

32. OFACDB 8 USGSNARCL FBI Most Wanted CATS CDE DB 4 Qusay Hussein Uday Hussein SuspN DB8 Prenom Qusai Hussein 30 Odai Hussein Surnomann Dec. 31, 1996 Sept. 9, 2003 YOB 1964 Data Warehousing: a Quadratic Solution

33. you! HAL C YC QusayHusseinAl-Takriti UdaiHusseinAl-Takriti (age ?PERSON (YearsDuration ?AGE)) (birthDate ?PERSON ?BIRTH-DATE) RULES CONCEPTS DB4 YOB Qusay Hussein Uday Hussein 1964 DB8 Prenomann Qusai Hussein 30 Odai Hussein OFACDB 8 USGSNARCL FBI Most Wanted CATS CDE DB 4 Dec. 31, 1996 Sept. 9, 2003 SuspN Surnom 1966 32 A Solution that Scales Linearly (…and, by the way, enables DB population/enrichment)

34. DB4 YOB Qusay Hussein Uday Hussein 1964 DB8 Prenomann Qusai Hussein 30 Odai Hussein OFACDB 8 USGSNARCL FBI Most Wanted CATS CDE DB 4 Dec. 31, 1996 Sept. 9, 2003 SuspN Surnom 1966 32 (…and, by the way, enables DB population/enrichment) A Solution that Scales Linearly

35. March 15, 200635 A very recent Cyc SKSI example What major US cities are particularly vulnerable to an anthrax attack? The answer is logically implied by data dispersed through several sources: USGS GNIS DB AMVA KB RAND R UN FAO DB DTRA CATS DB

36. March 15, 200636 major US city ?C is a U.S. City with >1M population particularly vulnerable to an anthrax attack –the current ambient temperature at ?C is above freezing, and –?C has more than 100 people for each hospital bed, and –the number of anthrax host animals near ?C exceeds 100k What major US cities are particularly vulnerable to an anthrax attack?

37. March 15, 200637 What major US cities are particularly vulnerable to an anthrax attack? U.S. cities with population > 1 million USGS GNIS DB AMVA KB RAND R UN FAO DB DTRA CATS DB 1-2 conjuncts in a CycL Ask expression

38. March 15, 200638 1-2 conjuncts in a CycL Ask expression What major US cities are particularly vulnerable to an anthrax attack? U.S. cities with population > 1 million USGS GNIS DB AMVA KB RAND R UN FAO DB DTRA CATS DB (and (isa ?C USCity) (> (NumberOfInhabitantsFn ?C) 10 6 ) (vulnerableToScriptedEventTypeUsing ?C DeployingABioAgentByInfectingAZoonoticHost Anthrax-Bacterium))

39. March 15, 200639 The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) DB maintained by the US Geological Survey (USGS). USGS GNIS DB state | name | type | county | state_fips | -------+-----------------------+-------+----------------+------------+ TX | Dallas | ppl | Dallas | 48 | MN | Hennepin County | civil | Hennepin | 27 | CA | Sacramento County | civil | Sacramento | 6 | AZ | Phoenix | ppl | Maricopa | 4 | primary_lat | primary_long| elevation | population | status | ------------+-------------+-----------+------------+------------------+ 32.78333 | -96.8 | 463 | 1022830 | BGN 1978 1959 45.01667 | -93.45 | 0 | 1032431 | 38.46667 | -121.31667 | 0 | 1041219 | 33.44833 | -112.07333 | 1072 | 1048949 | BGN 1931 1900 1897

40. March 15, 200640 The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) DB maintained by the US Geological Survey (USGS). USGS GNIS DB So how do we explain to our system that: row 1 of that table is about the city of Dallas, TX the population field of that table contains the number of inhabitants of the city that that row is about here is exactly how to access tuples of that database that access will be fast, accurate, recent, complete

41. March 15, 200641 The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) DB maintained by the US Geological Survey (USGS). USGS GNIS DB the population field of that table contains the number of inhabitants of the city that that row is about We provide the field encodings and decodings, some of which correspond to explicit fields like population, two-letter state codes, etc: (fieldDecoding Usgs-Gnis-LS ?x (TheFieldCalled population) (numberOfInhabitants (TheReferentOfTheRow Usgs-Gnis) ?x))

42. March 15, 200642 The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) DB maintained by the US Geological Survey (USGS). USGS GNIS DB how to access tuples of that database We provide all the information needed for a JDBC connection script: We assert, in the context (MappingMtFn Usgs-KS), all of these: (passwordForSKS Usgs-KS "geografy") (portNumberForSKS Usgs-KS 4032) (serverOfSKS Usgs-KS "sksi.cyc.com") (sqlProgramForSKS Usgs-KS PostgreSQL) (structuredKnowledgeSourceName Usgs-KS "usgs") (subProtocolForSKS Usgs-KS "postgresql") (userNameForSKS "sksi")

43. March 15, 200643 The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) DB maintained by the US Geological Survey (USGS). USGS GNIS DB that access will be fast, accurate, recent, complete We provide meta-level assertions about the database, about each table of the database, about the completeness etc. of various kinds of data in the DB, etc. We assert, in the context (MappingMtFn Usgs-KS): (schemaCompleteExtentKnownForValueTypeInArg Usgs-Gnis-LS USCity numberOfInhabitants 1)

44. March 15, 200644 The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) DB maintained by the US Geological Survey (USGS). USGS GNIS DB that access will be fast, accurate, recent, complete We provide meta-level assertions about the database, about each table of the database, about the completeness etc. of various kinds of data in the DB, etc. We assert, in the context (MappingMtFn Usgs-KS): (resultSetCardinality Usgs-Gnis-PS (TheSet (PhysicalFieldFn Usgs-Gnis-PS "state")) TheEmptySet 60.0) (resultSetCardinality Usgs-Gnis-PS (TheSet (PhysicalFieldFn Usgs-Gnis-PS "primary_long") (PhysicalFieldFn Usgs-Gnis-PS "primary_lat") (PhysicalFieldFn Usgs-Gnis-PS "name")) (TheSet (PhysicalFieldFn Usgs-Gnis-PS "county") (PhysicalFieldFn Usgs-Gnis-PS "state")) 530.36)

45. March 15, 200645 major US city U.S. City with >1M population particularly vulnerable to an anthrax attack –the current ambient temperature at ?C is above freezing, and –?C has more than 100 people for each hospital bed, and –the number of anthrax host animals near ?C exceeds 100k What major US cities are particularly vulnerable to an anthrax attack? Cyc knows that pullets are chickens, so dont add those two numbers together!

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51. March 15, 200651 2 July 2005 A formal ontology: terms + axioms (in logic) C YC: 300k terms, 3.2 million handcrafted axioms. Very general ones (Upper Ontology) all the way down to some domain-specific terms and axioms. Three of the CurrentApplications of Cyc: Smarter searching (augment queries with OR and AND-NOT terms; suggest meaningful follow-up queries) Relatively deep Question-answering for analysts Semantic Knowledge Source Integration (SKSI): map external DBs, websites, ontologies,… to Cyc for it to call on 100s more (that we know of) OpenCyc/ResearchCyc apps. Research: Characterize our systems as agents, to interoperate