Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published byClaire Cain Modified over 9 years ago
1
Brain Dysfunction Department of pathophysiology, Tongji medical college, HUST
2
Introduction
3
Structural Characteristics It is located inside the skull, protects brain from injury, confines the brain It is composed of neurons and glial cells The blood supply is from twin vertebral arteries and carotis interna The brain blood barrier protects brain from invasion of toxic insults
4
View the Brain
5
Cellular composition Neuron Glia
6
Structure of Neuron
7
Cellular Functions Neuron is in charge of different functions Glia nourishes and protects the neurons
8
Characteristics of Metabolism The most active organ in energy metabolism Glucose is almost the only source of brain energy The storage of glucose in the brain is very limited
9
Characteristics of Brain Diseases Region-dependent consequences to injuries Limited capacity for self repair Acute brain damages will cause disturbance in consciousness whereas chronic lesions usually lead to cognitive dysfunction
10
Cognition The ability of the brain to process and store information in order to solve problems. It involves a series of voluntary psychological and social behaviors, such as study, memory, language, thinking, emotion etc.
11
Structural Basis of Cognition Lateral (A) and medial surface (B) of brain
12
Cognitive Disorder The disturbance of the mental process related to learning and memory, reasoning and judgment, accompanied by aphasia, apraxia, agonasia or disturbance in executive functioning
13
Major Manifestations Learning and memory disorders Aphasia Agonosia Apraxia Dementia
14
Cognitive Disorders
15
Etiology and Pathogenesis Chronic brain damage Chronic systemic diseases Mental and psychic disorders Other factors
16
Chronic Brain Damage Imbalance of regulating molecules in the brain Protein aggregation in the brain Chronic cerebral ischemic injury Environmental and metabolic toxins Cerebral trauma Brain aging
17
Imbalance of Regulating Molecules Dopamine Norepinephrine Acetylcholine (Ach) Glutamate Aberrant neuropeptide Lack of neurotrophic factors
18
Dopamine Pathway Dopamine
20
Dopamine
21
Parkinson Disease () ( Cerebral trauma? )
22
Norepinephrine
23
Glutamate
24
Protein Aggregation in The Brain Gene mutations Abnormal post-translational modification Infection of slow virus in the brain
25
Lewy bodies (accumulation of synuclein in PD) Stained by haematoxylin/eosin, and by synuclein, Composed of a dense granular core and a halo of radiating filaments by EM
26
Alzheimer Disease
27
Alzheimer’s Disease Gradual memory loss Decline in the ability to perform routine tasks Disorientation Difficulty in learning Loss of language skills Impairment of judgment and planning Personality changes
28
Accumulation of tau and A in AD Senile plaques: A Neurofibrillary tangles: P-tau
29
PHF and NFT by EM
30
Normal tau AD p-tau Ser Thr pp p p p p p p ADPATP p p Protein kinases ? Protein phosphatases Imbalanced phosphorylation system leads to tau hyperphosphorylation Ser Thr Pi
31
a b d c Morris water maze test from Control and model rats
32
Mad cow disease (accumulation of prion)
34
Chronic Cerebral Ischemic Injury Energy exhaustion and acidosis Intracellular calcium overload Free radical injury Excitatory toxicity Inflammatory reaction by cytokine
35
Glutamate
36
Chronic Brain Damage Imbalance of regulating molecules in the brain Protein aggregation in the brain Chronic cerebral ischemic injury Environmental and metabolic toxins Cerebral trauma Brain aging
37
Pathogenesis of Cognition Disorder
38
Principles for Treatment of Cognitive Disorders General neuroprotective treatments Maintenance of normal neurotransmitter level Surgery
39
Consciousness Disorder
40
Consciousness is denoted in brief as the sense of awareness of self and the environment. It consists of two aspects: state of arousal and content of consciousness.
41
Consciousness disorder is defined as parenchymal mental disorders in which there is impairment of the ability to maintain awareness of self and environment and to respond to environmental stimuli.
42
Structural Basis for Consciousness Dysfunction of brain stem reticular formation Dysfunction of thalamus Dysfunction of cerebral cortex
43
Structural Basis for Consciousness
44
Major Manifestations Delirium Confusion Drowsiness Coma
45
Etiology and Pathogenesis Acute brain injury eg. diffuse encephalic infection, diffuse brain trauma, subarachnoid hemorrhage,etc. Acute brain intoxication
46
Acute Brain Intoxication Endogenous toxins injury Alteration in neurotransmitter Aberrant energy metabolism Nerve cell membrane injury Exogenous toxins injury Intracranial extrusion and destructive lesion
47
GABA released by one cell either binds to another cell or be reabsorbed Enough GABA binding to the other cells prevents over excitation in the brain. GABITRIL increases the level of GABA by blocking its reabsorption This blocking helps make more GABA available for binding to the other cells
48
Etiology and Pathogenesis of Consciousness Disturbance
49
Systemic Disturbance Respiratory disorders Disturbance of fluid-electrolyte and acid-base balance Circulation dysfunction Others
50
Principles of Prevention and Therapy Urgent management Making a definite diagnosis as soon as possible Monitoring vital signs and consciousness state Brain protections
51
Production & release of dopamine
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.