1. Countercurrent Exchange and Gas Exchange 學生姓名： B9902067 曾紹庭 B9902075 黃柏翰 指導老師：周淑娥 老師 指導助教：洪偉珊 助教

2. Countercurrent Exchange The exchange of a chemical substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions.

3. Concurrent vs. Countercurrent

4. Fish Gills

6. Countercurrent mechanism 1.Countercurrent multiplication of concentration 2.Countercurrent exchange Countercurrent multiplier systems: Expend energy to create concentration gradients

7. Countercurrent mechanism 1.Cortex: 300 mOsm/L 2.Medulla:1200 mOsm/L Descending limb: water leaves (passively) Ascending limb : NaCl leaves (actively) Descending limb: equibrilium Ascending limb : lower concentration 影片 http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/Class/IPHY3430-200/countercurrent_ct.html http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/Class/IPHY3430-200/countercurrent_ct.html

8. 影片 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOqIlrQhqHQ&playnext=1&list=PLFB7356B1A84FC018http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOqIlrQhqHQ&playnext=1&list=PLFB7356B1A84FC018 Cortex Medulla

9. Albatross

10. Countercurrent exchange (heat) 企鵝 人類手臂 人類陰囊

11. Information Resourses: http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~uzwiak/AnatPhys/Urinary_System.html http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/Class/IPHY3430-200/countercurrent_ct.html http://mag.udn.com/mag/campus/storypage.jsp?f_ART_ID=166830 http://www.nicerweb.com/bio1152/Locked/media/ch44/albatross_exchange.html 生理學書籍 Campbell/Reece Biology,Eighth Edition Thanks for your listening