1. Seabirds Penguins Albatrosses, shearwaters, petrels Pelicans, cormorants, boobies Gulls, terns, skuas, puffins Diving ducks Loons, grebes

2. “Waterbirds” Herons, egrets Ducks, geese, swans Shorebirds

3. Global seabird declines % of species in each IUCN Red List category Red List Indices for (a) seabird and non-seabird species; (b) coastal species, pelagic species and listed in Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP)

4. Threats/factors for decline Seabirds Pelagic seabirds Coastal seabirds

5. Puget Sound declines Common marine birds declining –19 of 30 most common species in no. Puget Sound decreased by ~20% from 1978-2004 Since 1979, marine bird numbers in the Puget Sound region has dropped 47% Western grebe populations declined by 95% over last 20 years

6. Likely factors (Puget Sound) Forage fish population declines Changing migration patterns Predation/hunting Habitat loss Fisheries interactions –Bycatch from active fisheries –Derelict fishing gear Harm to Arctic breeding grounds

7. Puget Sound studies PSAMP Winter Seabird Surveys (plane) WDFW Puget Sound and Washington Coast Seabird Population Trends (boat) –WDFW, USFWS Puget Sound Seabird Survey (shore*) –Seattle Audubon Rhinoceros Auklet Ecology (colony) –WDFW, UPS, NOAA

8. Foraging ecology/behavior Indirect evidence –Inferred from diet and movements Bill load contents, stomach contents –Auklets, terns, cormorants Regurgitated pellet analysis –Gulls, terns Tagging studies (satellite, TDRs), radio –Auklets, terns, cormorants Radar –Marbled murrelets. passerines

9. Foraging ecology/behavior Direct evidence –Observing individual behavior/movements Line/strip transects (at-sea) Scan and focal animal sampling (shore)

11. Puget Sound Seabird Survey Monthly (Oct.-Apr.) High tide (4-hour window) Shore-based (but of water) Random, pre-selected sites Binoculars/spotting scope Geese, ducks, swans, loons, grebes, cormorants, gulls, terns, alcids Spp., #, distance, bearing, sex ratio, flocks, weather

12. Scan/focal sampling Scan sampling –Counts of individuals in proscribed area(s) Generates species densities, community composition, habitat association Noting behavior (standing/sleeping, walking, foraging), generates # or % per behavior Focal animal sampling –Individual behavior over proscribed time Time-stamped behaviors Note predators/competitors, habitat Generates time budgets, consumption data, etc.

14. Capture rates Handling times Prey selection Kleptoparasitism Migration timing Habitat associations Prey associations Restoration activity