1. Fig. 9-0a

2. Fig. 9-0b Ancestral canine Chinese Shar-Pei Akita Basenji Siberian Husky Alaskan Malamute Rottweiler Sheepdog Retriever Afghan hound Saluki Wolf

3. Fig. 9-2a

4. Fig. 9-2b Petal Stamen Carpel

5. Fig. 9-2c-1 Transferred pollen from stamens of white flower to carpel of purple flower Stamens Carpel Parents (P) Purple 2 White Removed stamens from purple flower 1

6. Fig. 9-2c-2 Transferred pollen from stamens of white flower to carpel of purple flower Stamens Carpel Parents (P) Purple 2 White Removed stamens from purple flower 1 Pollinated carpel matured into pod 3

7. Fig. 9-2c-3 Transferred pollen from stamens of white flower to carpel of purple flower Stamens Carpel Parents (P) Purple 2 White Removed stamens from purple flower 1 Pollinated carpel matured into pod 3 Offspring (F 1 ) Planted seeds from pod 4

8. Fig. 9-2d Flower color White Axial Purple Flower positionTerminal Yellow Seed color Green Round Seed shapeWrinkled Inflated Pod shape Constricted Green Pod colorYellow Tall Stem lengthDwarf

9. Fig. 9-3a-1 P generation (true-breeding parents) Purple flowers White flowers

10. Fig. 9-3a-2 P generation (true-breeding parents) Purple flowers White flowers F 1 generation All plants have purple flowers

11. Fig. 9-3a-3 P generation (true-breeding parents) Purple flowers White flowers F 1 generation All plants have purple flowers F 2 generation Fertilization among F 1 plants (F 1  F 1 ) of plants have purple flowers 3–43–4 of plants have white flowers 1–41–4

12. Fig. 9-3b P plants 1–21–2 1–21–2 Genotypic ratio 1 PP : 2 Pp : 1 pp Phenotypic ratio 3 purple : 1 white F 1 plants (hybrids) Gametes Genetic makeup (alleles) All All Pp Sperm Eggs PP p ppPp P p P p P P p PP pp All Gametes F 2 plants

13. Fig. 9-4 Gene loci Homozygous for the dominant allele Dominant allele Homozygous for the recessive allele Heterozygous Recessive allele Genotype: P B a P PP a aa b Bb

14. Fig. 9-5a P generation 1–21–2 Hypothesis: Dependent assortment Hypothesis: Independent assortment 1–21–2 1–21–2 1–21–2 1–41–4 1–41–4 1–41–4 1–41–4 1–41–4 1–41–4 1–41–4 1–41–4 9 –– 16 3 –– 16 3 –– 16 1 –– 16 RRYY Gametes Eggs F 1 generation Sperm F 2 generation Eggs Gametes rryy RrYy ry RY ry RY ry RY Hypothesized (not actually seen) Actual results (support hypothesis) RRYY rryy RrYy ry RY RRYY rryy RrYy ry RY RrYy rrYYRrYY RRYyRrYY RRYy rrYy Rryy RRyy rY Ry ry Yellow round Green round Green wrinkled Yellow wrinkled RY rY Ry

15. Fig. 9-5b Phenotypes Genotypes Mating of heterozygotes (black, normal vision) Phenotypic ratio of offspring Black coat, normal vision B_N_ 9 black coat, normal vision Black coat, blind (PRA) B_nn 3 black coat, blind (PRA) Chocolate coat, normal vision bbN_ 3 chocolate coat, normal vision Chocolate coat, blind (PRA) bbnn 1 chocolate coat, blind (PRA) Blind BbNn

16. Fig. 9-6 B_ or Two possibilities for the black dog: Testcross: Genotypes Gametes Offspring1 black : 1 chocolate All black Bb bb BB Bbbb B b Bb b b B

17. Fig. 9-7 F 1 genotypes 1–21–2 1–21–2 1–21–2 1–21–2 1–41–4 1–41–4 1–41–4 1–41–4 Formation of eggs Bb female F 2 genotypes Formation of sperm Bb male B B B B B B b b b bb b

18. Fig. 9-8a Freckles Widow’s peak Free earlobe No freckles Straight hairline Attached earlobe Dominant Traits Recessive Traits

19. Fig. 9-8aa FrecklesNo freckles

20. Fig. 9-8ab Widow’s peak Straight hairline

21. Fig. 9-8ac Free earlobeAttached earlobe

22. Fig. 9-8b Ff FemaleMale Affected Unaffected First generation (grandparents) Second generation (parents, aunts, and uncles) Third generation (two sisters) Ff ff FF or

23. Fig. 9-9a Parents Normal Dd Offspring Sperm Eggs dd Deaf d Dd Normal (carrier) DD Normal D D d Dd Normal (carrier) Normal Dd 

24. Fig. 9-9b

25. Fig. 9-9c

26. Fig. 9-9ca

27. Fig. 9-10a Needle inserted through abdomen to extract amniotic fluid Suction tube inserted through cervix to extract tissue from chorionic villi Ultrasound monitor Fetus Placenta Chorionic villi Uterus Cervix Amniocentesis Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) Ultrasound monitor Fetus Placenta Uterus Cervix Centrifugation Fetal cells Amniotic fluid Several weeks Biochemical tests Karyotyping Fetal cells Several hours

28. Fig. 9-10b

29. Fig. 9-10ba

30. Fig. 9-10bb

31. Fig. 9-11a P generation 1–21–2 1–21–2 1–21–2 1–21–2 1–21–2 1–21–2 F 1 generation F 2 generation Red RR Gametes Eggs Sperm RR rR Rrrr R r R r R r Pink Rr R r White rr

32. Fig. 9-11b HH Homozygous for ability to make LDL receptors hh Homozygous for inability to make LDL receptors Hh Heterozygous LDL receptor LDL Cell Normal Mild disease Severe disease Genotypes: Phenotypes:

33. Fig. 9-12 Blood Group (Phenotype) Genotypes O A ii I A or I A i Red Blood Cells Carbohydrate A Antibodies Present in Blood Anti-A Anti-B Reaction When Blood from Groups Below Is Mixed with Antibodies from Groups at Left Anti-B O AB AB B I B or I B i Carbohydrate B AB IAIBIAIB — Anti-A

34. Fig. 9-12a Blood Group (Phenotype) Genotypes O A ii I A or I A i Red Blood Cells Carbohydrate A B I B or I B i Carbohydrate B AB IAIBIAIB

35. Fig. 9-12b Antibodies Present in Blood Anti-A Anti-B Reaction When Blood from Groups Below Is Mixed with Antibodies from Groups at Left Anti-B O A B AB — Anti-A Blood Group (Phenotype) O A B AB

36. Fig. 9-13 Clumping of cells and clogging of small blood vessels Pneumonia and other infections Accumulation of sickled cells in spleen Pain and fever Rheumatism Heart failure Damage to other organs Brain damage Spleen damage Kidney failure Anemia Paralysis Impaired mental function Physical weakness Breakdown of red blood cells Individual homozygous for sickle-cell allele Sickle cells Sickle-cell (abnormal) hemoglobin Abnormal hemoglobin crystallizes, causing red blood cells to become sickle-shaped

37. Fig. 9-14 P generation 1–81–8 F 1 generation F 2 generation Fraction of population Skin color Eggs Sperm 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 aabbcc (very light) AABBCC (very dark) AaBbCc 1 –– 64 15 –– 64 6 –– 64 1 –– 64 15 –– 64 6 –– 64 20 –– 64 1 –– 64 15 –– 64 6 –– 64 20 –– 64

38. Fig. 9-14a P generation 1–81–8 F 1 generation F 2 generation Eggs Sperm 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 1–81–8 aabbcc (very light) AABBCC (very dark) AaBbCc 1 –– 64 15 –– 64 6 –– 64 1 –– 64 15 –– 64 6 –– 64 20 –– 64

39. Fig. 9-14b Fraction of population Skin color 1 –– 64 15 –– 64 6 –– 64 20 –– 64

40. Fig. 9-15

41. Fig. 9-16-1 F 1 generation R Metaphase I of meiosis (alternative arrangements) r Y y R r Y y R r Y y All round yellow seeds (RrYy)

42. Fig. 9-16-2 F 1 generation R Metaphase I of meiosis (alternative arrangements) r Y y R r Y y R r Y y All round yellow seeds (RrYy) Anaphase I of meiosis Metaphase II of meiosis R y r Y r y R Y R r Y y R r Y y

43. Fig. 9-16-3 F 1 generation R Metaphase I of meiosis (alternative arrangements) r Y y R r Y y R r Y y All round yellow seeds (RrYy) Anaphase I of meiosis Metaphase II of meiosis R y r Y r y R Y R r Y y R r Y y 1–41–4 R y Ry R y r Y 1–41–4 rY r Y 1–41–4 ry r y 1–41–4 RY R Y R Y Gametes Fertilization among the F 1 plants :3 9 :1 F 2 generation r y

44. Fig. 9-17 Purple long Purple round Red long Red round Explanation: linked genes Parental diploid cell PpLl Experiment Purple flower PpLl Long pollen PpLl Prediction (9:3:3:1) Observed offspring Phenotypes 284 21 55 215 71 24 Most gametes Meiosis PL pl PL pl Fertilization Sperm Most offspring Eggs 3 purple long : 1 red round Not accounted for: purple round and red long PL pl PL pl

45. Fig. 9-17a Purple long Purple round Red long Red round Experiment Purple flower PpLl Long pollen PpLl Prediction (9:3:3:1) Observed offspring Phenotypes 284 21 55 215 71 24

46. Fig. 9-17b Explanation: linked genes Parental diploid cell PpLl Most gametes Meiosis PL pl PL pl Fertilization Sperm Most offspring Eggs 3 purple long : 1 red round Not accounted for: purple round and red long PL pl PL pl

47. Fig. 9-18a Gametes Tetrad Crossing over Baba a b A B A B A b

48. Fig. 9-18b

49. Fig. 9-18c Experiment Parental phenotypes Recombination frequency = Black vestigial Black body, vestigial wings GgLl Offspring FemaleMale Gray long 965 944 206 185 ggll Gray vestigial Black long Gray body, long wings (wild type) Recombinant phenotypes 391 recombinants 2,300 total offspring Explanation = 0.17 or 17% G L g l GgLl (female) ggll (male) G L g l g L g l G L Sperm Eggs Offspring g L G l

50. Fig. 9-18ca Experiment Parental phenotypes Recombination frequency = Black vestigial Black body, vestigial wings GgLl Offspring Female Male Gray long 965 944206 185 ggll Gray vestigial Black long Gray body, long wings (wild type) Recombinant phenotypes 391 recombinants 2,300 total offspring = 0.17 or 17%

51. Fig. 9-18cb Explanation G L g l GgLl (female) ggll (male) G L g l g L g l G L Sperm Eggs Offspring g L G l

52. Fig. 9-19a Chromosome 9.5% Recombination frequencies 9% 17% g c l

53. Fig. 9-19b Mutant phenotypes Short aristae Black body (g) Cinnabar eyes (c) Vestigial wings (l) Brown eyes Long aristae (appendages on head) Gray body (G) Red eyes (C) Normal wings (L) Red eyes Wild-type phenotypes

54. Fig. 9-20a X Y

55. Fig. 9-20b (male) Sperm (female) 44 + XY Parents’ diploid cells 44 + XX 22 + X 22 + Y 22 + X 44 + XY 44 + XX Egg Offspring (diploid)

56. Fig. 9-20c 22 + X 22 + XX

57. Fig. 9-20d 76 + ZZ 76 + ZW

58. Fig. 9-20e 16 32

59. Fig. 9-21a

60. Fig. 9-21b Female Male X R X r Y X R Y X R X r Y XrXr XRXR Sperm Eggs R = red-eye allele r = white-eye allele

61. Fig. 9-21c Female Male X R X r X R Y X R Y XRXR XRXR Sperm Eggs X r X R X r Y XrXr

62. Fig. 9-21d Female Male X R X r X r Y X R Y X R Y XrXr XRXR Sperm Eggs X r X r Y XrXr

63. Fig. 9-22 Queen Victoria Albert Alice Louis Alexandra Czar Nicholas II of Russia Alexis

64. Fig. 9-UN1 Homologous chromosomes Alleles, residing at the same locus Meiosis Gamete from other parent Fertilization Diploid zygote (containing paired alleles) Paired alleles, alternate forms of a gene Haploid gametes (allele pairs separate)

65. Fig. 9-UN2 Incomplete dominance Red RR Single gene Single characters (such as skin color) Multiple characters Pleiotropy Polygenic inheritance Multiple genes White rr Pink Rr

66. Fig. 9-UN3 Genes located on (b) (a) at specific locations called alternative versions called if both same, genotype called expressed allele called inheritance when phenotype In between called unexpressed allele called if different, genotype called chromosomes heterozygous (d) (c) (f) (e)

67. Fig. 9-UN4