1. Slide 1 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT 2 A Topical Approach to John W. Santrock Biological Beginnings

2. Slide 2 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Evolutionary Perspective Natural selection and adaptive behavior –Darwin and his observations –All organisms must adapt in life Evolutionary psychology –Emphasizes adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior –Evolution explains human physical features and behaviors The Evolutionary Perspective

3. Slide 3 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Evolutionary Developmental Psychology Explaining humans and their behavior –Larger brains and more complex societies –Takes longest of all mammals to mature –Some evolved mechanisms of adaptation not compatible with modern society The Evolutionary Perspective

4. Slide 4 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Evolution and Life-Span Development Benefits of evolutionary selection decrease with age Natural selection failures: harmful conditions and non-adaptive characteristics As adults weaken biologically, culture-based needs increase Alternative: ‘bi-directional view’ The Evolutionary Perspective

5. Slide 5 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Evaluating Evolutionary Psychology Remains just one theoretical approach Evolution does not dictate behavior Biology allows broad range of cultural possibilities The Evolutionary Perspective

6. Slide 6 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Genetic Foundations of Development DNA and the collaborative gene –DNA — deoxyribonucleic acid –Chromosomes — thread-like structures –Genes — units of hereditary information Human Genome Project –30,000 genes in humans Genetic Foundations

7. Slide 7 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cells, Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA Genetic Foundations Fig. 2.3 Nucleus (center of cell) contains chromosomes and genes Chromosomes are threadlike structures composed of DNA molecules Gene: a segment of DNA (spiraled double chain) containing the hereditary code

8. Slide 8 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Collaborative Gene Genetic Foundations Genes and chromosomes – Mitosis — cell nucleus duplicates –Meiosis — cell division forms gametes – Fertilization — egg and sperm form zygote – Genetic variability in the population – X and Y chromosomes determine sex

9. Slide 9 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Collaborative Gene Genetic Foundations Genes and chromosomes – Identical and fraternal twins – Mutated gene – Genotype — all of one’s genetic makeup – Phenotype — observable characteristics

10. Slide 10 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Genetic Principles Genetic Foundations Dominant and recessive genes Sex-linked genes –X-linked inheritance for males and females Genetic imprinting –Imprinted gene dominates Poly-genetically determined characteristics –Many genes interact to influence a trait

11. Slide 11 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Genetic Foundations b B b B b B Blond hair Brown hair How brown- haired parents can have a blond-haired child: the gene for blond hair is recessive Mother B b Father B b

12. Slide 12 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Sex-Linked Chromosome Abnormalities Genetic Foundations Klinefelter Syndrome Fragile X syndrome Turner syndrome Males have an extra X chromosome Abnormality in the X chromosome Females missing an X chromosome XYY syndrome Males have an extra Y chromosome

13. Slide 13 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Nature-Nurture Debate Behavior Genetics –Studies influence of heredity and environment on individual differences Studies use twins or adoptees –Monozygotic and dizygotic twins –Adoption study: examine behavior and psychological characteristics Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences

14. Slide 14 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Heredity-Environment Correlations In infancy, environment mostly controlled by parents As children age, their experiences extend more beyond the family’s influence Shared environments are analyzed –Commonalities between children attributed to heredity-environment interaction Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences

15. Slide 15 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Heredity-Environment Correlations In infancy, environment mostly controlled by parents As children age, their experiences extend more beyond the family’s influence Shared environments are analyzed –Commonalities between children attributed to heredity-environment interaction Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences

16. Slide 16 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Heredity-Environment and Epigenetic Views Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences Fig. 2.9

17. Slide 17 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Course of Prenatal Development Germinal period: 2 weeks after conception Embryonic period: 2 to 8 weeks after conception –Three layers: endodem, mesoderm, ectoderm –Umbilical cord connect to placenta –Organogenesis Fetal period –From 2 months after conception to birth –Trimesters of pregnancy Prenatal Development

18. Slide 18 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 4.1 Life is sexually transmitted Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers

19. Slide 19 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 4.2 Prenatal development Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers

20. Slide 20 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Prenatal Diagnostic Tests Ultrasound sonography Chorionic villi sampling: small sample of placenta taken Amniocentesis: samples amniotic fluid Maternal blood test Prenatal Development

21. Slide 21 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Brain Neurons – 100 billion Birth defects and neural tube Neuronal migration occurs Prenatal Development

22. Slide 22 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Hazards to Prenatal Development Teratogen: agent causing birth defects Severity of damage affected by –Dose –Genetic susceptibility –Time of exposure Effects of prescription and nonprescription drugs Prenatal Development

23. Slide 23 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Prenatal Development Fig. 2.10 Teratogens and Timing of Their Effects on Prenatal Development

24. Slide 24 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Hazards to Prenatal Development Psychoactive drugs –Caffeine –Alcohol and fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) –Nicotine’s link to SIDS, ADHD, low birth weight –Effect of father’s smoking –Cocaine, marijuana, and heroin –Methamphetamine Environmental hazards and pollutants Prenatal Development

25. Slide 25 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Teratogen: is a substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm the child. Alcohol and tobacco are perhaps the most common and damaging. Mercury, landfills, lead paint Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): combo of retarded growth, face and body malformations, disorders of the nervous system. ADHD symptoms, attention, distractibility, learning difficulties, memory and mood impairment. Nicotine: low birth weight, miscarriage, retardation, still birth, small head syndrome, medical problems.

26. Slide 26 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Marijuana: birth defects, low birth weight, ADHD, learning problems, visual and perceptual skills deficit, impulsivity- impacts frontal lobe. Cocaine: spontaneous abortion, delayed growth, premature labor. Low birth weight, birth defects, neurological deficits; acute withdrawal following birth; overall, significant neurological deficits.

27. Slide 27 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Development— Hazards to Prenatal Development 27

28. Slide 28 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. HIV/AIDS: likely to spread it to fetus. Maternal Illnesses: colds, STDs, general medical problems. Maternal Stress: wide psychological disorders, deformities. Negative emotional/behavioral Over 35: for the mother-diabetes, high BP, severe bleeding. Child- premature birth, birth defects, retarded growth.

29. Slide 29 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Hazards to Prenatal Development Incompatible blood types of parents –Rh-positive and Rh-negative –Maternal diseases like German measles, syphilis, HIV and AIDS Other prenatal factors –Nutrition, prenatal education and care –Maternal age and risks –Maternal emotional states and stress –Paternal factors –Environmental factors Prenatal Development

30. Slide 30 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Prenatal Care Prenatal programs –Education –Medical care –Social and nutritional services –Low birth weight and infant mortality rates –View of pregancy vary among cultures and ethnic groups Birth

31. Slide 31 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Birth Process Stages of birth: occurs in three stages –Uterine contractions –Baby’s head moves through birth canal –Afterbirth when placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled Baby must withstand stress of birth Birth

32. Slide 32 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Birth Fig. 2.11 The Apgar Scale

33. Slide 33 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Bonding Needs to occur shortly after birth Early emotional attachments may create healthy interactions after leaving hospital Rooming-in arrangements offered Massages and tactile stimulation for premature infants affect development Birth

34. Slide 34 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Recommended now: Comfort your baby: comfort baby when they cry feed them when they are hungry play with them when they are awake “spoil” them as much as you can! (studies show that baby must learn that they have an effect on their environment, and therefore control over their own experience. Important for cognitive and social development babies need to know that they can make things happen being responsive to baby

35. Slide 35 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The End 2