1. Adam Dick M.Sc.F. Candidate, University of New Brunswick 2007 Western Mensurationists Meeting June 24-26, 2007 Kelowna, B.C.

2. Introduction  A Google example: 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting2

3. Introduction 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting3

4. Introduction 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting4

5. Introduction 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting5

6. Introduction 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting6

7. Introduction 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting7

8. Introduction  Photography has been an important tool used by foresters for many years  Satellite/ aerial photography underpins most large scale inventories  What if we could have an in-stand perspective to help interpret collected data?  Assist by making data collection more efficient? 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting8

9. 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting9

10. 360- degree photography  Equipment  Digital camera  Tripod  Tripod mount  Ensures nodal point of lens is above rotational axis of tripod  Eliminates parallax errors 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting10

11. 360- degree photography  Camera mounted vertically  Photo every 15-degrees  24 photos per plot  Ensures adequate overlap between adjacent images  Focus, flash settings the same around plot 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting11

12. 360- degree photography 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting12  Software (Panorama Factory v4.5)  Automates stitching process  Automatically corrects barrel distortion, detects focal length

13. 360- degree photography 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting13

14. 360- degree photography  Unwrap and print out flat stand  Distortion free  Consistent scale 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting14

15.  So………  How can we use these photographs? 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting15

16. Using photography 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting16

17. Spatial tree mapping  To calculate distance to object  Dimension of the tree (or surrogate)  And camera focal length 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting17

18. Spatial tree mapping  Calculate azimuth to object 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting18

19. Spatial tree mapping  Azimuth of first tree measured used as reference  Could arbitrarily start at zero if only relative position of trees is required 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting19

20. Using photography 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting20

21. Angle count sampling (ACS)  Bitterlich 1948  “basal area density of a unit area of area can be estimated by counting those trees whose diameter at breast height (dbh) subtended angles appearing larger than the horizontal angle-gauge” (Grosenbaugh 1958) 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting21

22. Angle count sampling (ACS)  Using a camera  Decourt, N. 1956 Utilisation de la photographie pour mesurer les surfaces terriers. Revue forestière française, Vol 8. No.7 pp.505-507  Adaptation of Bitterlich to use photographs 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting22

23. Angle count sampling (ACS)  Several methods identified to do ACS  Measure width of trees in photograph  Calculate the BAF of each tree  Apply desired BAF constant (e.g. mBAF2) 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting23

24. Angle count sampling (ACS)  Calibrate gauge width for photograph  Count trees larger than gauge width 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting24

25. Angle count sampling (ACS)  Do as a prism does  Shift the tree at breast height by gauge width  Tree overlaps: in  Tree cut: out 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting25

26. 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting26

27.  49 plots  Sampled trees with a mBAF1 prism  1400 trees sampled ▪ Measured tree DBH ▪ Distance and azimuth to each tree ▪ Took photographs at each plot 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting27

28. 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting28  Sampled across range of densities  Stand types  2 camera models  Olympus D550Z, 3 megapixels  Canon PowerShot SD200, 3.2 megapixels

29. Spatial tree mapping  Azimuth calculations  Linear regression  Field measurements vs. measurements from photo 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting29

30. Spatial tree mapping 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting30  Distance calculations  Linear regression  Field measurements vs. measurements from photo

31. Spatial tree mapping  Photography is underestimating the distance  Azimuth is generally good  Relative positions of the trees is good  Need to adjust the focal length 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting31

32. Angle count sampling (ACS) TREE VISIBILITY BY BAF SELECTION TREE VISIBILITY BY DISTANCE 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting32

33. Angle count sampling (ACS) 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting33

34.  BAF calculations  Field measurements vs. measurements from photo 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting34

35.  Other Applications  As a monitoring tool  Repeated measures 15 September 2015Adam Dick ~ Western Mensurationists Meeting35 Plot 52 – Pre Harvest Plot 52 – Post Harvest  Maintain data integrity  Prescription training tool