1. Biochemistry

2. What are the main parts of an atom? Essential Question

3. Matter: All living things are made of matter. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Properties –physical property description of shape, mass, volume melting point, boiling point –chemical property structure of molecules which make up substance how substance reacts with another

4. Matter Elements –element a substance that can not be broken down into a simpler substance –25/90 elements are essential to life CHNOPS – 6 greatest You must know the symbols

5. Matter atom –smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element Biochemistry

6. Atoms atom structure –nucleus center, contains neutrons & protons –neutrons –carries no charge, neutral = n 0 –protons carries a positive charge = p +

7. Atoms atom structure –electron electrons carry a negative charge = e -

8. Atoms atom structure –electron electrons orbit nucleus in separate energy levels or clouds –1 st shell= 2 electrons –2 nd shell= 8 electrons –3 rd shell= 18 electrons –4 th shell= 32 Keep in mind that not each shell must be full before moving to the next level Biochemistry

9. Atoms Biochemistry

10. Atoms periodic table 2 He Helium 4.002602 The atomic number tells us the # of protons. It is unique to each atom. How do we determine the number of electrons? The mass number tells us the # of protons + neutrons. How do we determine the number of neutrons?

11. Isotopes Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.

12. Compounds Compounds are substances composed of atoms of 2 or more different elements that are chemically combined Uses molecular formula to designate –NaCl –H 2 O (the properties of a compound are different from those of its individual elements)

13. How are covalent and ionic bonds different? Essential Question

14. covalent bond –atoms share electrons ex: water, sugars, proteins ionic bond –Electrons are transferred between atoms »An atom that has gained or lost an electron (therefore, has a charge) is known as an ion.

15. chemical bonds covalent bond ionic bond Biochemistry

16. Chemical Reactions Chemical Reactions occur when bonds between atoms are formed or broken, causing substances to combine and recombine as different molecules. All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism are referred to as that organism’s metabolism. »H 2 0 means 2 Hydrogen atoms for every 1 Oxygen atom. 5H 2 0 means 5 molecules of water. How many atoms are in 5H 2 0?

17. What ions are released by an acid and a base in water? Essential Question

18. Mixtures and solutions mixture –combination of substances in which individuals retain individual properties ex: mixed sugar and sand, oil and water solution –mixture of one or more solutes are evenly distributed in a solvent ex: salt in water

19. Mixtures and solutions solution –solute substance which dissolvesex: sugar –solvent holds dissolved substanceex: water –the greater the solute = greater the concentration

20. Acids and bases pH –measure of how acidic or basic a solution is acid –forms hydrogen ions (H+) in water –pH below 7 base –forms hydroxide ions (OH-) in water –pH above 7 pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 with acids below 7 and bases above 7.

21. Acids and bases

22. How to Test for pH 1. Litmus Paper: only if an acid or base –Red and Blue paper –Red changes to Blue = Basic –Blue changes to Red = Acid 2. pH paper –Gives you an exact pH # by color change 3. Digital pH Meter –Gives a digital readout

23. Essential Question What are the properties of Water?

24. Water polar molecule –molecule with uneven distribution of charge –water is polar, O atom pulls e-’s from H atoms

25. Water hydrogen bond –weak attraction between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in different molecules

26. Water properties of water –water resists temperature change –water expands when it freezes –cohesion water molecules attracted to each other –adhesion water molecules attracted to sides of container Biochemistry

27. Water properties of water –water resists temperature change Biochemistry

28. Water properties of water –water expands when it freezes Biochemistry

29. Water –cohesion Water molecules attracted to each other Biochemistry

30. Water –adhesion Water molecules attracted to sides of container Biochemistry

31. Water & Diffusion Diffusion »Brownian motion is the random, erratic movement of particles. »Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower.Diffusion »What is the result of diffusion?

32. Essential Question What are the major life substances (compounds) and what purpose do they serve?

33. –isomer compounds with same number elements but different structure

34. –monomer Small molecule that can be bound to other monomers to form polymers –polymer larger molecule formed from smaller subunits Condensation forms polymers Hydrolysis breaks down polymers

36. Life Substances Substances that make up living things are known as organic compounds. Organic compounds always contain C and H, but often contain other elements such as O, N, P, S.Organic compounds Macromolecules

37. Enzymes How does an enzyme work?

38. Enzymes Key terms & concepts –Enzyme –Biological catalyst –Substrate –Active Site –-ase –Proteins –Inhibitors –Denature –Activation energy –Enzyme/ substrate complex –Induced fit model/ lock and key

39. enzyme –increase rate of metabolic reactions –induced fit (lock and key) mechanism –They are proteins!

40. enzyme –induced fit (lock and key) –Proteins Biochemistry

41. Enzymes

42. Reactions –chemical equations 2H 2 + O 2 → 2H 2 O

43. Reactions –chemical equations 2H 2 + O 2 → 2H 2 O products reactantants

44. Reactions –chemical equations 2H 2 + O 2 → 2H 2 O # of atoms on each side of reaction must be balanced coefficients must be balanced __ C 6 H 12 O 6 → C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O

45. Reactions –chemical equations dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) –two subunits make polymer –water is released 2C 6 H 12 O 6 → C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O

46. Reactions –chemical equations dehydration synthesis

47. Reactions –chemical equations hydrolysis –H 2 O splits bond –two subunits created –C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O → 2C 6 H 12 O 6

48. Reactions –chemical equations hydrolysis

49. Reactions –enzymes lowers activation energy acts as catalysts, speeds up rate of reaction induced fit model (lock and key)

50. Reactions –enzymes substrate –changed after released by enzyme enzyme –active site »where substrate binds to enzyme »can be used over and over

51. Reactions –enzymes

52. Reactions –enzymes