1. NORTHERN ITALIAN Realism through mathematics and linear perspective
Comparing the styles…
NORTHERN
ITALIAN
Realism through mathematics and linear perspective
Realism through excessive details

2. NORTHERN ITALIAN Realism through mathematics and linear perspective
Comparing the styles…
NORTHERN
ITALIAN
Realism through mathematics and linear perspective
Intentional references to Classical Architecture and figure studies
Realism through excessive details
Intentional references to Gothic Architecture

3. NORTHERN ITALIAN Realism through mathematics and linear perspective
Comparing the styles…
NORTHERN
ITALIAN
Realism through mathematics and linear perspective
Intentional references to Classical Architecture and figure studies
Linear Perspective
Realism through excessive details
Intentional references to Gothic Architecture
Intuitive Perspective

4. NORTHERN ITALIAN Realism through mathematics and linear perspective
Comparing the styles…
NORTHERN
ITALIAN
Realism through mathematics and linear perspective
Intentional references to Classical Architecture and figure studies
Linear Perspective
Great art in the form of Frescoes and larger Temperas
Realism through excessive details
Intentional references to Gothic Architecture
Intuitive Perspective
Great art in the form of Oil Paints, Altarpieces and smaller paintings

5. NORTHERN ITALIAN Realism through mathematics and linear perspective
Comparing the styles…
NORTHERN
ITALIAN
Realism through mathematics and linear perspective
Intentional references to Classical Architecture and figure studies
Linear Perspective
Great art in the form of Frescoes and larger Temperas
Masaccio, Donatello, Ghiberti, Brunelleschi, Botticelli
Realism through excessive details
Intentional references to Gothic Architecture
Intuitive Perspective
Great art in the form of Oil Paints, Altarpieces and smaller paintings
Van Der Goes, Van Eyck, Van Der Weyden, Campin

6. Brancacci Chapel, Florence

7. Brancacci Chapel, Florence

8. Masaccio, Tribute Money, Brancacci Chapel, Florence, Italy, ca. 1427.
Masaccio presented this narrative in three episodes within the fresco. In the center, Christ, surrounded by his disciples, tells Saint Peter to retrieve the coin from the fish, while the tax collector stands in the foreground, his back to spectators and hand extended, awaiting payment. At the left, in the middle distance, Saint Peter extracts the coin from the fish’s mouth, and at the right, he thrusts the coin into the tax collector’s hand.
Masaccio realized most of the figures not through generalized modeling with a flat neutral light lacking an identifiable source but by a light coming from a specific source outside the picture.

9. Masaccio Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Eden, Brancacci Chapel, Florence, Italy, ca 1425
This was painted in an awkwardly narrow space at the entrance to the Brancacci Chapel. It displays the representational innovations of Tribute Money. For example, the sharply slanted light from an outside source creates deep relief, with lights placed alongside darks, and acts as a strong unifying agent.
Masaccio also presented the figures moving with structural accuracy and with substantial bodily weight. Further, the hazy, atmospheric background specifies no locale but suggests a space around and beyond the figures. Adam’s feet, clearly in contact with the ground, mark the human presence on earth, and the cry issuing from Eve’s mouth voices her anguish.
The angel does not force them physically from Eden, rather, they stumble on blindly, driven by the angel’s will and their own despair. The composition is starkly simple, its message incomparably eloquent.

10. Santa Maria Novella, Florence, Italy ca 1428
Masaccio, Holy Trinity
Santa Maria Novella, Florence, Italy
ca 1428
Masaccio’s fresco embodies two principal Renaissance interests--realism based on observation and the application of mathematics in the new science of perspective. The composition is painted on two levels of unequal height.
In the coffered barrel-vaulted chapel reminiscent of a Roman triumphal arch, the Virgin Mary and St. John appear on either side of the crucified Christ. God the Father emerges from behind Christ, supporting the arms of the cross. The Dove of the Holy Spirit hovers between God and Christ.
Also included are portraits of the donors of the painting, who kneel in front of the pilasters.
Below the altar-- a masonry insert in the depicted composition--the artist painted a tomb containing a skeleton. An Italian inscription above the skeleton reminds spectators that “I was once what you are, and what I am you will become.”

11. Baptistry of San Giovanni,
Florence, Italy, ca 1059

12. Brunelleschi’s Sacrifice of Isaac Ghiberti’s Sacrifice of Isaac

13. Lorenzo Ghiberti ”Gates of Paradise”, baptistery, Florence Cathedral
Ghiberti, who demonstrated his interest in perspective in his Sacrifice of Isaac, embraced Donatello’s innovations. Ghiberti’s enthusiasm for a unified system for representing space is particularly evident in his famous east doors.
Michelangelo later declared these as “so beautiful that they would do well for the gates of Paradise.”
Each of the panels contains a relief set in plain moldings and depicts a scene from the Old Testament. The complete gilding of the reliefs creates an effect of great splendor and elegance.

14. Lorenzo Ghiberti Isaac and his sons
(”Gates of Paradise”), baptistery, Florence Cathedral, Florence
EARLY ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

17. Filippo Brunelleschi dome of Florence Cathedral Florence, Italy
Brunelleschi’s broad knowledge of Roman construction principles and his analytical and inventive mind permitted him to solve an engineering problem that no other 15th-century architect could have solved. The challenge was the design and construction of a dome for the huge crossing of the unfinished Florence Cathedral.
The space to be spanned was much too wide to permit construction with the aid of traditional wooden centering. Nor was it possible [because of the crossing plan] to support the dome with buttressed walls.
In 1420, officials overseeing cathedral projects awarded Brunelleschi and Ghiberti a joint commission. Ghiberti later abandoned the project and left it to his associates.

18. Filippo Brunelleschi dome of Florence Cathedral Florence, Italy
Brunelleschi not only discarded traditional building methods and devised new ones, but he also invented much of the machinery necessary for the job.
Although he might have preferred the hemispheric shape of Roman domes, Brunelleschi raised the center of his dome which is inherently more stable because it reduces the outward thrust around the dome’s base.
To minimize the structure’s weight, he designed a relatively thin double shell--the first in history--around a skeleton of 24 ribs. The eight most important are visible on the exterior. The structure is anchored at the top with a heavy lantern, built after his death but from his design.

19. Climbing the stairs inside the Duomo

21. Filippo Brunelleschi dome of Florence Cathedral Florence, Italy
Note the people on the lantern!
Filippo Brunelleschi dome of Florence Cathedral
Florence, Italy

23. Applying Roman Mathematical Logic
Filippo Brunelleschi
west facade of the Pazzi Chapel
Florence, Italy begun ca. 1440
The chapel that was the Pazzi family’s gift to the church of Santa Croce in Florence presented Brunelleschi with the opportunity to explore this interest in a structure much better suited to such a design than a basilican church.
The chapel was not completed until the 1460s, long after Brunelleschi’s death, and thus the exterior does not reflect Brunelleschi’s original design. The narthex (the entrance hall leading to the nave of a church.) seems to have been added as an afterthought, perhaps by the sculptor-architect Giuliano da Maiano.
It is suggested that the local chapter of Franciscan monks who held meetings in the chapel needed the expansion.

24. Applying Roman Mathematical Logic
Filippo Brunelleschi
west facade of the Pazzi Chapel
Florence, Italy begun ca. 1440
This chapel was the Pazzi family’s gift to the church of Santa Croce in Florence. The artist is Filippo Brunelleschi, who began to design this chapel in 1440 and it was not completed until after his death.
The interior trim is in gray stone or pietra serena (serene stone). Medallions with glazed terracotta are featured on the inside representing the Four Evangelista and decorated wall panels represent the Twelve Apostles.
Brunelleschi used this opportunity to create a structure more suited to a compact and self-contained “central floor plan” as seen in the Pantheon. He used a basic unit that allowed him to construct a balanced, harmonious, and regularly proportioned space.

25. Plan and section of the Pazzi Chapel, Florence
Applying Roman Mathematical Logic
Plan and section of the Pazzi Chapel, Florence

26. Donatello, David
The Medici family commissioned Donatello to create this bronze statue for the Palazzo Medici courtyard. This was the first freestanding nude statue created since ancient times.
This statue portrays the biblical David, the young slayer of Goliath and the symbol of the independent Florentine republic. David possesses the relaxed classical contrapposto stance and the proportions and beauty of Greek Praxitelean gods.
The Medici family chose the subject of David, perhaps because they had seen Donatello’s previous statue of David which is located in the center of political activity in Florence. This shows that the Medici family identified themselves with Florence, and the prosperity of the city.

27. Donatello, David

28. Portrait of a Youth, early 1480s
Sandro Botticelli
Portrait of a Youth, early 1480s
This full face portrait was created by Botticelli in the last decade of the fifteenth century. Italian painters adopted the 3/4 and full face views believing that such poses increased information available to viewers about the subject’s appearance.
These poses also permit greater exploration of the subject’s character. This is evident in this portrait where he is highly expressive psychologically. He has a delicate pose, a graceful head tilt, sidelong glance, and an elegant hand gesture. The subject seems to be half-musing, half-insinuating.
Botticelli merged feminine and masculine traits to make an image of rarefied beauty.

30. Sandro Botticelli, Birth of Venus, 1484-86. EARLY ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

31. Sandro Botticelli, Birth of Venus, 1484-86. EARLY ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
Sandro Botticelli was one of the best known artists who produced works for the Medici. He painted this tempera on canvas for the Medici family.
A poem on the theme of the famous Birth of Venus by Angelo Poliziano was what inspired Botticelli to create this lyrical image.
Zephyrus (the west wind) blows Venus, born of the sea foam and carried on a cockle shell to her sacred island, Cyprus. The nymph Pomona runs to her with a brocaded mantle.

32. Comparing d’Medici’s Venus with Botticelli’s

33. Sandro Botticelli, Primavera, c 1482. EARLY ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

34. Sandro Botticelli, Adoration of the Magi, c 1475.

35. Sandro Botticelli, Adoration of the Magi, c 1475.
Botticelli painted himself in the picture as he looks back at the viewer !
Sandro Botticelli,
Adoration of the Magi, c 1475.

36. Sandro Botticelli, Adoration of the Magi, c 1481-82.

37. Fra Angelico, Annunciation
San Marco, Florence, Italy EARLY ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

39. EARLY ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
Leon Battista Alberti worked as an architect from the 1450s onward, principally in Florence, Rimini, and Mantua. As a trained humanist and true Renaissance man, Alberti was as accomplished as an architect as he was a humanist, musician, and art theorist. Alberti's many treatises on art include Della Pittura (On Painting), De Sculptura (On Sculpture), and De re Aedificatoria (On Architecture). The first treatise, Della Pittura, was a fundamental handbook for artists, explaining the principles behind linear perspective, which may have been first developed by Brunelleschi. Alberti shared Brunelleschi's reverence for Roman architecture and was inspired by the example of Vitruvius, the only Roman architectural theorist whose writings are still in existence.
Leon Alberti
San Andrea,
EARLY ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

40. Interior and Elevation of San Andrea

41. Piero della Francesca, Battista Sforza & Federico da Montefeltro (Duke & Duchess of Urbino), EARLY ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

43. Andrea Mantegna, Calvary, 1457-60. EARLY ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

44. Andrea Mantegna, Camera Degli Sposi, (the Gonzaga family), Mantua, Italy, 1465-74.

45. Andrea Mantegna, Fresco
Andrea Mantegna, Fresco. Camera degli Sposi (Bridal Chamber), Mantua, Italy

47. Andrea Mantegna, Lamentation Over Dead Christ, c1490
Andrea Mantegna, Lamentation Over Dead Christ, c EARLY ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

48. Andrea Mantegna
St. Sebastian
c1480.
EARLY ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

49. Andrea Mantegna, St. Sebastian. c1480.

50. Antonio Pollaiolo, Battle of the Nudes, 1470s
Antonio Pollaiolo, Battle of the Nudes, 1470s. EARLY ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

51. Antonio Pollaiolo, Battle of the Nudes, 1470s
Antonio Pollaiolo, Battle of the Nudes, 1470s. EARLY ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
Antonio del Pollaiolo was a notable sculptor and painter, but this engraving (which was the only known one he created) was an exceptional piece for this century.
Like many Italian works, this reference to Classical Greek bodies attempts to show the tension and balance that the male warrior would exhibit from various poses.

52. Perugino, The Delivery of the Keys to St. Peter. Fresco, 1481–2
Perugino, The Delivery of the Keys to St. Peter. Fresco, 1481–2. EARLY ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

53. I love Florence. It’s a beautiful city!